Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḥakamaẗ ‘bit (of a horse’s bridle), (in ClassAr also:) martingale’ reflects perh. one of the earliest values within the root ↗√ḤKM in which today the two notions of ‘to govern’ and ‘to be wise, judge’ are the most prominent values. Our own hypothesis is a develepment along the line *‘to have a firm grip on s.th. [cf. ↗ʔaḥkama] > (to be able to) retain, withhold, curb, fence [ḥakamaẗ] > to govern, control [↗ḥakama] > to rule, pass judgment, decide, serve as arbiter [↗ḥakam, ↗ḥakama] > to be wise [↗ḥikmaẗ, ↗ḥakīm]’.
▪ For more details, cf. the references given in the preceding paragraph as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√ḤKM.
▪ …

hist

▪ …

cogn

▪ ↗ḥakama.

disc

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

west

–

deriv

►^BP#1694ḥakama , u (ḥukm), 1-8 ↗ḥakama; 9 to bridle, check, curb (s.th., s.o.): perh. one of the earliest meanings of the vb.
►ʔaḥkama, vb. IV, 1 to make (s.th.) firm, strong, sturdy, solid; 2 to fortify (s.th.); 3 to strengthen, consolidate (s.th.); 4 to do well, do expertly, master (a field, work), be proficient (in): *Š-stem, caus. | ~ ʔamra-hū, to do s.th. thoroughly, carefully, properly; ~ qafl al-bāb, to lock the door firmly; ~ luġaẗan, to master a language.
►ĭstaḥkama, vb. X, 1 to be strong, sturdy, solid, firm; 2 to become stronger, be strengthened, be consolidated; 3 to take root, be or become deep-rooted, deep-seated, ingrained, inveterate, marked, pronounced (feeling, trait): *Št-stem, self-ref., intr. of vb. IV.

►^BP#3186taḥkīm, n., 1-2 ↗ḥakam; 3 pl. taḥkīmāt, fortifications: vn. II.
►ʔiḥkām, n., 1a perfection; b accuracy, exactness, exactitude, precision; c exact performance, precise execution: vn. IV. | bi’l-ʔiḥkām, adv., accurately, exactly, precisely; bāliġ fī ’l¬ʔiḥkām , adj., of highest perfection.
►ĭstiḥkām, n., 1 intensification, increase, strengthening; 2 consolidation, stabilization; 3 fortification; pl. ‑āt, fortifications: vn. X.
►muḥkam, adj., 1a strengthened, reinforced; b firm, solid, sturdy; c tight, taut; 2a perfect, masterly, masterful; b well-aimed (blow, hit); c accurate, precise, exact: PP IV. | muḥkam al-tadbīr, adj., well-planned, well-contrived.
►mustaḥkam, adj., 1a reinforced, fortified; b strengthened, consolidated, strong; 2 inveterate, deep-seated, deep-rooted, ingrained (custom, trait, etc.); 3 mustaḥkamāt, nonhum.pl., defenses, fortifications: PP X.

See also ↗ḥakama, ↗ʔaḥkama, ↗ḥakam, ↗ḥikmaẗ, ↗ḥakīm, ↗ḥukūmaẗ, ↗maḥkamaẗ, ↗taḥakkum, and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤKM.

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