Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Via Aram targᵊmānā from Akk targumannu ‘interpreter’. Traditionally, the Akk word is believed to derive either from Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, call, contest’ or from an earlier Sem t-stem, *t-rgm ‘to speak to one another, translate’ (so, e.g., Huehnergard2011). More recent theory however argues (on account of the ending -annu) that the Akk term is a borrowing from Luwian – Smelik2013:141, referring to Starke1993, Rahim1963 and Von Soden1989).
▪ Ar tarǧumān or turǧumān, appearing in OttTu as tercüman, ‘interpreter’. »The word is of Aram origin, and is familiar in the form targum for the Aram translations or paraphrases or interpretations of the Hbr OT which came into use when the use of Hbr as a living, spoken language amongst ordinary people declined. The Ar term, and the verb tarǧama ‘to translate’, was certainly in familiar usage by ʕAbbāsid times« – art. »tardjumān« (C.E. Bosworth), in EI².

hist

▪ …

cogn

▪ BDB1906, Zimmern1914, CAD: Akk targumānu, turgumānu (CAD: targumannu ~ targamannu, turgumannu, targumjanu, from oAkk on) ‘interpreter, dragoman’, Aram targᵊmānā, turgᵊmānā, Ar tarǧamān ~ tarǧumān, turǧumān; Hbr tirgēm, Aram Syr targem, Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret, translate’; pBiblHbr targūm ‘translation, Targum’. – Cf. perh. also Ar raǧama ‘to conjecture, opine’.
▪ For the wider context, cf. ↗TRǦM, ↗RǦM ↗raǧama.

disc

▪ BDB1906: (on Akk targumānu ‘interpreter’, Hbr tirgēm, Aram Syr targem, Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret, translate’): perh. from √RGM, cf. Ar raǧama ‘to conjecture, opine’.
▪ Zimmern1914: Ar tarǧamān ~ tarǧumān ~ turǧumān < Aram targᵊmānā ~ turgᵊmānā < Akk targumānu ~ turgumānu ~ targumannu ‘interpreter’. Huehnergard2011#RGM thinks that Akk targumannu ‘interpreter’ is either from Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, call, contest’ or from an earlier Sem t-stem vb., *t-rgm ‘to speak to one another, translate’.
▪ Wellhausen1897 notes that Ar tarǧīm (vn. of D-stem raǧǧama) has the same meaning as ḍarb bi’l-ḥaṣy, i.e. ‘[the art of prophesy from] throwing pebbles’. From this, the sense of ‘to assume, conjecture’ could be derived: ‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, try to give them a meaning > to assume’. »Vielleicht hängt damit auch [Hbr] trgm zusammen: ‘enträtseln’, dann ‘dolmetschen’« (207, fn. 4), i.e., tarǧama, too, may be dependent on the heathen practice: ‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, solve the riddle > to explain, interpret’; cf. raǧǧama, D-stem of ↗raǧama (with Wellhausen1897:111-2 on ĭrtiǧām, ruǧmaẗ, raǧm).

west

▪ Heth tarkummiya is from Akk targumannu, Arm tarkman from Aram targᵊmānā (< Akk) – Nişanyan10Mar2015.
▪ Tu tercüman (<1500) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü : from Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter’ < Aram targᵊmānâ < Akk targumannu, from Akk ragāmu ‘to call, invite’– Nişanyan10Mar2015. – »in mysticism, [tercüman is also] a term used by the members of Futuwwa groups and by the Turkish dervish orders of the Mawlawiyya and Bektās̲h̲iyya for speech utterances, generally in verse, recited during the ritual or, outside this, during the accomplishment of some piece of work or some particular act. These formulae, which are made up of a prayer, are pronounced in order to seek pardon for some offence. ~ can also denote a sum of money or a sacrifice made in order to secure pardon for an offence. In practice, ~ is often mixed up with gül-bank (gulbāng), which is reserved for longer prayers in prose« – entry »terd̲j̲ümān«, in EI², Glossary of terms.
▪ Tu tercüme (1429) Aḥmed b. Ḳāḍı-i Manyās, Gülistān tercümesi : sekiz bābını türkī’ye tercüme kılup tamām itdim, from Ar tarǧumaẗ, var. of Ar tarǧamaẗ , from Aram ṯargūm ‘interpretation, esp. the Aram commentary on the Torah’ – Nişanyan14May2015.
▪ Engl dragoman (eC14): from oFr drugemen, from lGrk dragoumanos, from Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter’, from tarǧama ‘to interpret’. Treated in Engl as a compound, with plural -men – EtymOnline.
▪ Fr dragoman (c1200) drogeman ‘interpreter’, 1213 droguement, 1553 id., prob. (as also It dragomanno) from ByzGrk dragoúmanos, from EgAr targumān (Ar tarǧumān). – truchement (lC12) drugement ‘interpreter’, lC14 trucheman, C15 truchement ‘s.o. who speaks for s.o. else, speaker, porte-parole, representative’, 1557 ‘explanation, s.th. that makes know or understand’: from Ar turǧumān ‘interpreter, translator’ – TLF.
▪ Ge Dragoman (C16): via It dragomanno, nFr dragoman, Span dragoman, from Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter’, from tarǧama ‘to interpret’, from Syr targem ‘to explain, interpret’ – Kluge2002.
▪ Lokotsch1927#2033: Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter, translator’ (vb. tarǧama, from Syr targem ‘to explain’, cf. targūm ‘explanation, commentary’; cf. also Akk ragāmu ‘to speak’, rigmu ‘word’, orig. ‘to shout, call’, ‘shouting, yelling, call’, targumānu ‘interpreter’) > It dragomanno, turcimanno (under infl. of turco ‘Turk’), Prov drogoman, Fr drogoman, drogman, trucheman, Cat Sp drogoman, trujaman, Port dragomano, trugimão; Engl dragoman, druggerman, Du dragoman, drogman, Ge Dragoman, (older) Drutzelmann, Trutschelmann; Ru dragoman.

deriv

► tarǧama, vb. I, 1 to translate; to interpret; to treat (of s.th.) by way of explanation, expound (s.th.); 2 to write a biography (li‑ of s.o., also DO): either denom. from turǧumān or directly from Aram Syr targem ‘to interpret, translate’.
► ^BP#2228tarǧamaẗ, pl. tarāǧimᵘ, n.f., 1 translation; interpretation; 2 biography (also ~ al-ḥayāẗ); 3 introduction, preface, foreword (of a book): lexicalized vn. I | al-~ al-sabʕīniyyaẗ, n.f., the Septuagint; ~ ḏātiyyaẗ, n.f., autobiography.
► mutarǧim, n., 1 translator, interpreter; 2 biographer: PA I.
► mutarǧam, adj., translated: PP I | ~ ʕalà ’l-fīlm, synchronized (film)

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