Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ eC7 ḫātam (concluding one, final seal) Q 33:40 mā kāna muḥammadun ʔabā ʔaḥadin min riǧāli-kum wa-lākin rasūla ’ḷḷāhi wa-ḫātama ’l-nabiyyīna ‘Muḥammad is not the father of any one of your men; he is God’s Messenger and the seal of the prophets’ (»The passage is late Madinan and the word is used in the technical phrase ḫātam al-nabiyyīn «, Jeffery 1938). – ḫatama (to seal up) Q 36:65 al-yawma naḫtimu ʕalā ʔafwāhi-him wa-tukallimu-nā ʔaydī-him ‘on this day We will seal up their mouths, but their hands will speak out to Us’. – ḫitām (concluding/conclusion, end part, seal/sealing; crowning touch) Q 83:26 ḫitāmu-hū miskun ‘whose seal (or: end part, conclusion) is musk’. – maḫtūm (that which is sealed, concluded, ended) Q 83:25 yusqawna min raḥīqin maḫtūmin ‘they are given to drink of pure wine, sealed’.

cogn

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2035: Hbr ḥoṭēm, Ar ḫatm ‘ring; seal (on a ring)’, Jib ḫotem, Ḥrs ḫōtem , Śḥr ḫotem ‘ring’. – Outside Sem: Eg ḫtm ‘stamp, seal’ (OK); katam ‘ring’ in 1 WCh lang.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ḪTM–1 Hbr ḥātam, Phn nPun ḥtm ‘sceller, compléter’, EmpAram ḥwtm, JP ḥᵃtam, ChrPal ḥtm, Mand htm ‘compléter, sceller’, Syr ḥatmā ‘sceau, cachet’, Ar ḫatama ‘sceller, cacheter; se cicatriser’, ḫāta/im ‘sceau, bague’, ḫitām ‘clôture, conclusion, fin’, ḫātim ‘anus, bout du rectum’, MġrAr ḫtām ‘hymen, pucelage’, DaṯAr ḫattam ‘mettre le couvercle sur le four’, Qat ḫtm ‘appliquer son sceau’, Jib ḫtum ‘finir’, Mhr Ḥrs ḫōtəm, Jib ḫótəm ‘bague, anneau’, Gz ḫatama ‘sceller, terminer’, Tña ḥatämä, ḫatämä ‘sceller, imprimer’, ḥatma ‘sceau, empreinte’, Amh attämä, Arg hattäma, Gur atämä ‘sceller’. [–2 –3 not represented in MSA. –4 SyrAr only]

disc

▪ Jeffery1938, 120-21: »On the surface it would seem to be a genuine derivative from ḫtm ‘to seal’, but as Fraenkel, Vocab, 17, points out, a form fāʕal is not regular in Ar, and the vb. itself, as a matter of fact, is denom.¹ The verb occurs in the Qurʔān in vi, 46; xlv, 22, and the derivative ḫitām, which Jawharī says is the same as ḫātam, is used in lxxxiii, 26. All these forms are in all probability derived from the Aram as Noeldeke had already noted.² – Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 71, claimed that the word was of Jewish origin, quoting the Hbr ḥôtām ‘seal’; Syr ḥatmā. In his New Researches, 23, he quotes Haggai ii, 23, a verse referring to Zerubbabel, which shows that the idea of a man being a seal was not foreign to Jewish circles, beside which Horovitz, KU, 53, appositely cites 1 Cor. ix:2, “ye are the seal of my Apostleship” – -σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς sphragís mou tē̂s apostolē̂s, where the Peshitta reads ḥatmā. The Targumic ḥtymh and ChrPal ḥtīmā,³ meaning ‘obsignatio, finis, conclusio, clausula,’ give us even closer approximation to the sense of the word as used in the Qurʔān. – In the general sense of ‘seal’ it must have been an early borrowing, for already in Imruʔu ’l-Qays, xxxii, 4 (Ahlwardt, Divans, 136), we find the pl. ḫawātim used, and in the SAr inscriptions we have ḫtm (Rossini, Glossarium, 158).«
▪ Pennacchio2011, 10-11: »… the noun ḫātam ‘seal’, appearing only once in the Qur’ān, in the expression ‘seal of the prophets’ (33-40). The Prophet Muhammad is regarded as the ‘seal’ of the prophets, meaning the last one. His book is so clear that it cannot be misunderstood and therefore no other apostle will be needed after him. For Fraenkel, fāʕal is not a regular form in Ar and the vb. ḫatama ‘to seal’ is denom. The n. ḫātam seems to have been borrowed from Aram. For Hirschfeld, the word may well have a Jewish origin since it is found in a passage of the Bible in which a man is compared to a ‘seal’ ḥôtām (Hag 2:23). This biblical image probably served as an inspiration for the Qur’ānic one, but the borrowed word with the sense of ‘to seal’ existed much earlier since it appears in ʔImruʔ al-Qays’ verses and in a SAr inscription. According to Maximilian Ellenbogen, the Hbr ḥôtām was borrowed from the Eg ḫtm. This is attested neither in Akk nor in Ug. The initial /ḫ/ in the Ar word suggests that the latter has the same source as the Hbr. Had the word been borrowed from Hbr or Aram, it would probably have started with a /ḥ/.«
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2035: The authors reconstruct Sem *ḫatm‑ ‘ring; seal (on a ring)’, Eg ḫtm ‘stamp, seal’, WCh *qatam‑ ‘ring’, all from AfrAs *qatam‑ ‘ring, seal’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ḪTM-1: From Eg ḫtm ‘sceau, sceller’.

1. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 252. The variant forms of the word given in the Ṣiḥāḥ and in LA, xv, 53, also suggest that the word is foreign. 2. Mand. Gramm, 112; see also Pallis, Mandaean Studies, 153. 3. Schwally, Idioticon, 36. It translates [Grk] episphragísma, Land, Anecdota, iv, 181, 1. 20. Cf. Schulthess, Lex, 71. Used of sealing magically, it occurs in the incantation texts, see Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, Glossary, pp. 289, 290.

west

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deriv

► ḫātam al-zawāǧ, n., wedding ring.
► ḫātam al-nabiyyīn, n., the Seal (i.e., the last) of the Prophets = Mohammed.

► ^BP#3681ḫatama, i (ḫatm, ḫitām), vb. I, 1 to seal, provide with a seal or signet: denom.; 2 to stamp, impress with a stamp; 3 to seal off, close, make impervious or inaccessible; 4 to put one’s seal on, conclude, terminate; 5 to wind up, finish, complete; to close, heal, cicatrize (wound): fig. use.
► taḫattama, vb. V, to put on or wear a ring (bi‑): denom., self-ref./refl.
► ^BP#3621ĭḫtatama, vb. VIII, to conclude, finish, terminate, wind up: intr.

► ḫatm, n., sealing: vn. I. – (pl. ʔaḫtām, ḫutūm) seal, signet, seal impring; stamp, stamp imprint: transferred meaning (from action to instrument used in it, or its object); also = ḫatmaẗ (see following item).
► ḫatmaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., recital of the entire Koran, esp. on festive occasions.
► ḫātām, pl. ḫawātīmᵘ, n., seal ring, signet ring; ring:…
► ^BP#1971ḫitām, n., 1 sealing wax: transfer of meaning from quasi-vn. [v2] to the wax used in sealing; 2 end, close, conclusion, termination, closure, end: quasi-vn.
► ^BP#4010ḫitāmī, adj., concluding, closing, final: nsb-adj., from ḫitām.
► ĭḫtitām, n., end, close, conclusion, termination: vn. VIII.
► ḫātimaẗ, pl. ḫawātimᵘ, ḫawātīmᵘ, n., 1 end, close, conclusion, termination: nominalized PA I f.; 2 epilogue (of a book): specialisation of [v1]; 3 ḫawātīmᵘ, pl., final stage.
► muḫattam, adj., ringed, adorned with a ring or rings (hand): PP II.
► muḫtatam, adj., end, close, conclusion, termination: n.loc.

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