Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Ar šarika ‘to share, etc.’ has cognates in Ug, Aram Syr, and Gz and thus seems to be traceable back to at least WSem layers. Perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ belongs here, and, if so, may represent the original value: *‘to twist = to make (twigs etc.) adhere to each other > to associate, make into\be partner > to share’. If this connection is valid, then perh. also ↗šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ (*< ‘twisted twigs, etc.’?) and ↗širāk ‘shoelace’ (*< ‘sandal-thong = what holds things together’) are related to šarika and have preserved aspects of the primary notion ‘to twist’.
▪ From *‘sharing, associating, etc.’ several new values are derived. In the religious field, the idea of *‘giving God a partner’ has produced the meaning ‘polytheism, idolatry’ (↗širk), a prominent concept in the Qur’ān, while in Christian contexts the f. form of the vn. I, ↗širkaẗ, was used in the more positive sense of ‘communion’; in MSA, and prob. as a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ became used for ‘company, firm, business, commercial enterprise’. The self-referential Gt-stem (VIII), ĭštaraka ‘to share, participate’, is at the basis of calques like ↗ĭštirākī ‘socialist’ and ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ ‘socialism’.
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▪ Zammit2002: Ug šrk ‘to team up with, join’, Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Aram srak ‘to clutch, hold fast, hang to’, Syr srek ‘to adhere, stick’, (Pa) ‘to cohere’, SAr šrk ‘to share out, apportion; to make a crop-sharing agreement (?)’, Ar šāraka ‘to share with’. – (BDB1906:) Cf. perh. also TalmAram sārak, Syr srak, srek ‘to adhere’; Ar šaraka ‘to share, participate’; cf. perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’ (< śārak ‘to twist’, as *‘crossed and twisted (over the foot)’?), Ar širāk ‘sandal-thong’, Ar šarak ‘snare’.
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▪ Tu şirk: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekleri – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – müşrik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekleri / virdi destūr kırmağa müşrikleri – Nişanyan_3Jul2021. – şirket: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] bağ u çift ü şirket ü bazār / ögi ussı durmadın anı düzer [‘...are related, are associates, are companions’] – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – şerik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] nī şerīk ü nī vezīr ü nī nedīm – Nişanyan_27Apr2015. – şürekâ: [Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] şürekā: ortaklar – Nişanyan_3Jul2021. – iştirak [Düsturnâme-i Enveri, 1465] şeh ferīdūn ḳıldı ẓaḥḥāki helāk / kāvelige ḳıldı ḳılmaz iştirāk– Nişanyan_24Sep2022. – teşrik: [Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] teşrīk: associare, consortem aut participem facere – Nişanyan_11Aug2014. –müşterek: [anon., Muḳaddimetü'l-Edeb terc., c1300] muştarak lafıẓnı bir maʕnaga ḫāṣṣ ḳıldı [ortak sözcüğü tek anlama özgüledi] – Nişanyan_23Sep2014.
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deriv

►^BP#672šāraka, vb. III, 1a to share (‑h with s.o., ‑h or fī s.th.), participate, be or become partner, participant, associate; b to associate o.s. (‑h with s.o.), enter into partnership (‑h with s.o.), form a partnerhip, join, combine; c to sympathize (‑h with s.o.) | šāraka-hū raʔya-hū, to share s.o.’s opinion: L-stem, assoc.
►ʔašraka, vb. IV, 1a to make (‑h s.o.) a partner, participant, associate (fī in), give a share, have (‑h s.o.) share (fī in); b to tie s.th. closely (bi‑ to s.th.), associate (‑h s.th. bi‑ with s.th.): *Š-stem, caus. | ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to make s.o. the associate or partner of God (in His creation and rule); ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to set up or attribute associates to God, i.e., to be a polytheist, an idolator
►tašāraka, vb. VI, 1a to enter into partnership (maʕa with s.o.); b to participate together (fī in), share with one another: tL-stem, recipr.
►^BP#2874ĭštaraka, vb. VIII, 1a to enter into partnership, to cooperate (maʕa with s.o.); b to participate (maʕa with s.o., fī in), share, collaborate, take part (fī in), contribute (fī to); 2 to subscribe (fī to); 3 to partake of the Lord’s Supper, communicate (Copt.-Chr.): Gt-stem, self-ref.
►širk, n., polytheism, idolatry | ʔahl al-širk, the polytheists, the idolators: vn. I
►^BP#118širkaẗ, šarikaẗ, n.f., 1 partnership; 2 communion (Chr.); 3a (pl. šarikāt) association, companionship; b company, corporation (com.); c commercial enterprise (Isl. Law); d establishment, firm, business: ¹vn. I and ²³concretisations | š. al-taʔmīn, insurance company; š. tiǧāriyyaẗ, trading company, firm; š. al-ʔiḏāʕaẗ, broadcasting corporation; š. al-musāhamaẗ, joint-stock company, corporation; š. sihāmiyyaẗ, do.; š. al-šarikāt, trust (com.)
►^BP#1599šarīk, n., pl. šurakāʔᵘ, ʔašrāk, 1a sharer, participant, partner, co-partner; b associate, companion, confederate, ally; c co-owner, coproprietor (Isl. Law); d accomplice, accessory (in a crime): quasi-PP I | šarīk mūṣiⁿ, silent partner (com.)
►šarīkaẗ, n.f., pl. šarāʔikᵘ, woman partner, woman participant, etc. (see šarīk): f. of šarīk
►^BP#2646širākaẗ, n.f., partnership [BuckwalterParkinson2011]: quasi-vn. I or III
►tašrīk, n.: siyāsaẗ al-tašrīk, policy of alliances: vn. II
►^BP#339mušārakaẗ, n.f., 1a partnership, co-partnership, participation (fī in); b cooperation, collaboration; 2 communion (Chr.); 3 complicity, accessoriness (jur.): vn. III
►^BP#2970ĭštirāk, n., 1a partnership, copartnership, coparcenary; b participation, sharing, joining, co-operation, collaboration (fī in); c jointness, community; 2 communion (Chr.); 3 interference (fī in); 4a subscription (fī to); b (pl. ‑āt) subscription rate; c participation fee: ¹vn. VIII and ²³⁴extensions | bi’l-ĭštirāk, jointly, in concurrence, together (maʕa with); ĭštirāk šahrī, monthly subscription; monthly fee or contribution
►^BP#3149ĭštirākī, 1a adj. socialist, socialistic; b n. (pl. ‑ūn) a socialist: neolog., nsb-formation from preceding
►ĭštirākiyyaẗ, n.f., socialism: neolog., abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ, based on preceding
►^BP#1076mušārik, 1 n., participant; 2 adj., participating [BuckwalterParkinson2011]: PA III
►mušrik, n., pl. -ūn, polytheist: PA IV
►^BP#1351muštarik, n., pl. -ūn, 1 participant; 2 subscriber: PA VIII
►^BP#823muštarak, adj., common, joint, combined, concurrent, collective, co-: PP VIII | al-ʔamn al-muštarak, collective security; balāġ muštarak, joint communique; al-sūq al-muštarak, the Common Market; al-šuʕūr al-muštarak, community spirit, communality, solidarity; al-ḍamān al-muštarak, collective security

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.

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