Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Within the semantic spectrum covered by the root ↗√ḤKM, the closest relatives of ḥakam ʻarbitrator, arbiter’ seem to be ↗ḥikmaẗ ʻwisdom’ and ↗ḥakīm ʻwise; doctor; philosopher’, both prob. borrowed from, or influenced by, secondary developments in WSem (for which Kogan2015 reconstructs *ḤKM ʻto be wise’; cf. also Huehnergard2011 CSem *ḤKM ʻto be wise, judge’). The primary meaning of the root may be preserved in Ar ↗ḥakamaẗ ʻbridle, martingale’, ^†ḥakam ʻfencing’, or ↗ḥakama in the sense of ʻ to bridle, check, curb’ (cf. also the single Gz taḥakama ʻto contain, withhold’), which may perh. be akin to Akk ekēmu ʻto take away (by force)’. If this etymology is correct, the idea of ʻwisdom’ (and hence the capacity to serve as an arbitrator, to make decisions and pass judgement) is based on a person’s strong grip on s.th. and his\her ability to ʻbridle, keep control, check, curb’ (cf. also ↗ʔaḥkama ʻto make firm, strong, solid’).
▪ …

hist

▪ …

cogn

▪ ↗ḥakama.

disc

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

west

–

deriv

►ḥakkama, vb. II, 1 to appoint (s.o.) as ruler; 2 to choose (s.o.) as arbitrator, make (s.o.) the judge (fī over or in s.th., bayna between): D-stem; ¹v: denom. from ḥākim; ²v: denom. from ḥakam.
►^BP#3360taḥakkama, vb. V, 1 to have one’s own way (fī in), proceed (fī with) at random, at will, handle (fī s.th.) arbitrarily; 2 to pass arbitrary judgment (fī on); 3a to make o.s. the judge (ʕalà of), pass judgment (ʕalà on); b to decide (bi‑ on); 4a to rule, reign, hold sway (fī over); b to dominate, control (fī s.th.), be in control, be in command (fī of): Dt-stem, self-ref.
►ĭḥtakama, vb. VIII, 1 to have one’s own way (fī in), proceed (fī with, in s.th.) at will, at random, handle (fī s.th.) arbitrarily, judge arbitrarily; 2 to rule, reign, hold sway (ʕalà, fī over); 3 to be in control, be in possession (ʕalà of); 4 to appeal (ʔilà to) for a legal decision, seek a decision (ʔilà from), have s.o. (ʔilà) decide.
►^BP#3186taḥkīm, n., 1 appointment of an arbitrator; 2 arbitration; 3 arbitral decision, award; pl. ‑āt, fortifications: vn. II. | taḥkīm al-ḥāl, expr., starting from the present state of a court’s findings (Isl. Law); hayʔaẗ al¬-taḥkīm, n.f., 1 board of arbitration; 2 jury, committee of judges, committee of umpires (in sports), committee of referees (in mil. maneuvers); laǧnaẗ taḥkīmiyyaẗ, n.f., dto.
►^BP#2191taḥakkum, n., 1 arbitrariness, arbitrary powers or action; 2 despotism; domination, dominion, rule, sway, power; 3 control (fī of, over): vn. V.
►taḥakkumī, adj., 1 arbitrary; 2 despotic: nisba formation from the preceding.
►muḥakkam, pl. ‑ūn, 1 arbitrator, arbiter; 2 umpire, referee (fī in, over): PP II.

See also ↗ḥakama, ↗ʔaḥkama, ↗ḥikmaẗ, ↗ḥakamaẗ, ↗ḥakīm, ↗ḥukūmaẗ, ↗maḥkamaẗ, ↗taḥakkum, and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤKM.

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