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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ḥakīm حَكيم , pl. ḥukamāʔᵘ
meta
ID – • Sw – • BP 1948 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḤKM
gram
adj.; n.
engl
1a wise, judicious; b wise man, sage; 2 philosopher; 3 physician, doctor – WehrCowan1976.
conc
▪ Accord. to Jeffery1938, both ḥakīm ‘wise, sage; doctor; philosopher’ and ↗ḥikmaẗ ‘wisdom’ »seem undoubtedly to have been formed under Aram influence«. Our own hypothesis is that the NSem *‘wisdom’ is a development from an earlier *‘to govern’ (wisdom as proof of the capacity to make decisions, pass judgement, rule’), which in itself may be based on the idea of ‘retaining, keeping tight control, fencing, curbing’, still present in ↗ḥakamaẗ ‘bit of a horse’s bridle; martingale’ or the vb. I, ↗ḥakama, in the sense of ‘to bridle, check, curb’; it is reflected also in vb. IV, ʔaḥkama ‘to make firm, sturdy, solid; to strengthen, consolidate; to fortify; to do well, do expertly, master, be proficient’.
▪ In the early Abbasid period, when many words were loaned or calqued from Grk, the native Ar term ḥakīm came to replace the initial direct loan ↗faylasūf. The foreign word was however not completely discarded. In the meaning ‘philosopher’, ḥakīm is among the plentitude of concepts that testify to the extensive reception of the Hellenistic heritage between 750 and c1000 CE when learned »translators and scientists […] made the legacy of Grk philosophy, medicine, mathematics, and other sciences accessible to the Muslim world« and thus enriched the language »considerably by innumerable technical terms.«1
▪ …
1. J. Fück, »ʕArabiyya: Early Middle Arabic«, in EI².
hist
▪ …
cogn
▪ ↗ḥakama.
disc
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ See also ↗ḥikmaẗ for the full quote of Jeffery’s argument.
▪ …
west
▪ Huehnergard 2011: Engl ¹hakim, from Ar ḥakīm ‘wise (man), sage, doctor’, from ↗ḥakama ‘to judge, decide, govern’. Cf. also ²hakim, from Ar ḥākim ‘ruling; ruler, governor’, PA of ↗ḥakama.
▪ …
deriv
►ḥakīmbāšī, n., senior physician, chief surgeon: nisba formation from the preceding.
►ʔaḥkamᵘ, adj., wiser: elative of ḥakīm.

See also ↗ḥakama, ↗ʔaḥkama, ↗ḥakam, ↗ḥikmaẗ, ↗ḥakamaẗ, ↗ḥukūmaẗ, ↗maḥkamaẗ, ↗taḥakkum, and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤKM.
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