Bibliotheca Polyglotta

1 alone, single; 2 sole, only; 3 solitary; 4 singular, unique, matchless, unrivaled, peerless, incomparable; 5 (pl. ʔafrād) one, a single one, a single person, individual; 6 soldier, private; 7 (pl. ʔafrād, with foll. gen.) the individual members (of a group); — 8 odd, uneven (number); 9 al-~, epithet of the month of Rajab; 10 (pl. firād) one, one of a couple, one of a pair; 11 (pl. furūd, furūdaẗ) pistol; — 12 singular (gram.) – WehrCowan1979.

conc

▪ Huehnergard (in AHDEL): From WSem *PRD ‘to separate’.
▪ According to Ehret1989#37, the root is an extension in ‘durative’ *‑d from a pre-protSem 2-consonantal root nucleus *PR- ‘to cut (a piece from)’. For other extensions from the same pre-protSem *PR- see Ar ↗*FR-.
▪ [v11] ‘pistol’: perh. *‘the weapon with the one single shot’ (as distinct from the musaddas ‘the six-fold one’, i.e., a revolver), or because it could be used with one single hand (?)

hist

▪ eC7 fard 1 (pl. furādà, alone, solitary, by o.s.) Q 6:94 wa-laqad ǧiʔtumū-nā furādà ka-mā ḫalaqnā-kum ʔawwala marraẗin ‘now you have returned to Us alone [just] as We first created you’; 2 (single, singly) Q 34:46 ʔan taqūmū li-llāhi maṯnà wa-furādà ‘to stand before God, in pairs and singly’; 3 (childless) Q 21:89 wa-Zakariyyā ʔiḏ nādà rabba-hū rabbi lā taḏar-nī fardan wa-ʔanta ḫayru ’l-wāriṯīna ‘and [mention] Zachariah, when he cried out to his Lord, “My Lord, do not leave me childless, though You are the best of inheritors”’.
▪ Bocthor1828 gives fard already as a correspondence of ‘individual’.

cogn

▪ Zammit2002: (Akk parādu ‘sich absondern’)¹ , Ug brd ‘separar, apartar’, Hbr pārad (nif.) ‘to divide; separate’, Aram pᵉrad ‘to separate, scatter’, Syr pᵉrad ‘to place apart’, Ar fard ‘alone’, SAr frd ‘sole, unique’, Gz tafārada ‘separari a se invicem’.
▪ Kogan2015:567-8: Hbr prd ‘to separate, diverge’, Ar frd ‘to become sole, single’, Sab frd -m ‘uniquely, alone’, Te täfarädä ‘to part company as enemies’. – Cf. also Mhr fərōd, Jib férɔ́d, Soq férod ‘to stampede, panic; to make off, to run away’.²

1. Borrowed from NWSem. 2. The meaning ‘to judge’, typical of the reflexes of *PRD in EthSem, must be eventually related as well (from ‘to distinguish between true and false’ or similar): Gz tafārada ‘to be in litigation’, fərd ‘justice, judgment’ (sparsely attested), Te färdä, Tña färädä, Amh färrädä, Har färädä, etc. Note that the meaning ‘to separate’ ascribed to Gz frd by Leslau is only attested in late lexicographic works and is likely due to Ar influence. The same shift of meaning took place (presumably independently) in Aram (Syr prad ‘fugit’, LSyr. 593), as well as in Akk, where parādu ‘to be fearful, disturbed’ displays a remarkable semantic similarity to the modSAr vb.s (as duly observed in Huehnergard 1991a:693).

disc

▪ Kogan2015:567: Sem *PRD ‘to be separated’. – »Leslau plausibly connects [also] prot-modSAr *PRD ‘to flee in panic’ with Sem *PRD ‘to be separated’«.
▪ [v11] ‘pistol’: Hava1899 gives this meaning as LevAr (marked with the sign for »used in the dialect of Syria«).

west

▪ WSem *PRD ‘to separate’: Engl fardel ‘bundle, burden’ (c1300), from OFr fardel ‘parcel, package, small pack’ (C13, modFr fardeau), dim. of farde, which OED says is ‘cognate with’ (others say ‘from’) Span fardo ‘pack, bundle’, which is said to be from Ar fardaẗ, ‘single piece, pack, package, bundle’, from farada ‘to be(come) separate, segregated, single’ – EtymOnline, and Huehnergard (in AHDEL, https://ahdictionary.com/word/semitic.html).
▪ Ar fard has made its way into other languages of the Islamic world, cf. Aze ferd, Hin fard, Per fard, Tur fert – Rajki2002.

deriv

► fardan fardan, adv., singly, separately, one by one, one at a time, one after the other
► ʔafrād al-ʕāʔilaẗ, n.pl., members of the family
► ʔafrād al-farīq, n.pl., members of the team (sport)

► farada, and faruda, u (furūd), vb. I, to be single, be alone; to be singular, be unique: denom. (?). — farada, u (furūd), vb. I, to withdraw, retire, segregate (ʕan from): the etymon proper? — EgAr farada, i, vb. I, to spread, spread out, extend, stretch (s.th.); to roll out (al-ʕaǧīnaẗ the dough); to unfold (s.th.): var. of ↗faraša (?).
► ʔafrada, vb. IV, to set aside, separate, segregate, isolate (s.o., s.th.); to single out, assign especially (s.th. li‑ or bi‑ for), devote (s.th., li‑ to a special subject): caus.
► tafarrada, vb. V, 1 to be alone; 2 to do alone, perform singlehandedly (bi‑ s.th.); 3 to possess alone (bi‑ s.th.); 4 to be matchless, be unique: tD-stem, denom., intr.
► ĭnfarada, vb. VII, 1 = V; 2 to stand alone, be without parallel (fī or bi‑ with or in s.th.): fig.; 3 to withdraw, segregate, walk away (ʕan from); 4 to be isolated (ʕan from): quasi-pass.
► ĭstafrada, vb. X, 1 to find (s.o., s.th.) singular, unique or isolated; 2 to isolate (chem.): Št-stem, denom., appellative.

► fardaẗ, n.f., one part, one half, one of a pair: n.un.
► ^BP#2251fardī, adj., 1 single, solitary; single- (in compounds); 2 pertaining to a single person; one-man (in compounds); solo (adj.); singles (tennis); 3 individual, personal; individualist; 4 odd, uneven (number): nsb-adj. | ʕilm al-nafs al-~, n., individual psychology.
► fardiyyaẗ, n.f., individuality, individualism; solipsism (philos.): abstr. formation in <-iyyaẗ.
► fardāniyyaẗ, n.f., solipsism (philos.): abstr. formation in <-iyyaẗ.
► ^BP#2650farīd, adj., 1 alone, lone, lonely, solitary; 2 singular, unique, matchless, peerless, unrivaled, incomparable; (with foll. gen.) especially endowed with: quasi-PP I | ~ fī bābi-hī, adj., unique of its kind.
► farīdaẗ, pl. farāʔidᵘ, n.f., 1 precious pearl, precious gem, solitaire; 2 (eg.) quire (of paper): nominalized adj.f.
► furād^an, and furādà, adv., singly, separately, one by one, one at a time, one after the other:…
► tafrīdī, adj., detailed, itemized: nsb-adj., from *vn. II.
► ĭnfirād, n., 1 solitude, loneness, loneliness; 2 isolation, seclusion: vn. VII | ʕalà ~, adv., alone, apart, isolatedly, in solitude, in seclusion; singly, by o.s.; confidentially; al-~ bi’l-sulṭaẗ, n., autocracy.
► ĭnfirādī, adj., individual; individualistic; autocratic; isolationistic, tending to isolation: nsb-adj., from vn. VII.
► ^BP#4028mufrad, adj., 1 single, solitary, lone, detached, isolated; 2 (gram.) simple, consisting of only one word (expression); 3 being in the singular; singular (gram.); ^BP#37254 (‑āt) vocable, word; pl. words, terms, names, expressions (of a scientific field); 5 details: lexicalized PP IV | ~āt ḫāṣṣaẗ, n.f.pl., technical terms, terminology; bi-mufradi-h, adj., by o.s., alone, apart, singly, isolatedly, in solitude, in seclusion, solitarily; bi’l-mufradāt, adj., in detail; by retail.
► munfarid, adj., 1 isolated, detached, separated; 2 lone, solitary, alone; 3 solo (adj.; also mus.): PA VII.

For another value attached to FRD cf. ↗firdaẗ.

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