Bibliotheca Polyglotta

1 to emigrate; 2 to dissociate o.s., separate, part, secede, keep away (DO from), part company (with); 3 to give up, renounce, forgo, avoid (s.th.); 4 to abandon, surrender, leave behind (s.th. ʔilà to s.o.), relinquish, leave, give up, vacate (s.th., ʔilà in favour of s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.

conc

▪ While Huehnergard2011 considers haǧara ‘to depart’ as an Ar specificity, a relation to other values of Sem HǦR should perhaps not be discarded (see DISC below): ‘departing, leaving behind’ could be akin to SSem items meaning ‘city-dweller’. Some dictionaries indeed interpret the notion of ‘departing’ as that of a ‘removal from the desert to the towns or villages’ (or away from them), in this way linking ‘departure’ up to ‘town, village’.
▪ Any relation to the other two values of HǦR that have survived into MSA, ‘to talk nonsense, obscene language’ (↗huǧr) and ‘hottest time of the day’ (↗hāǧiraẗ) does not seem very likely.

hist

▪ eC7 haǧara (to desert, shun, part company with, forsake) Q 74:5 wa’l-ruǧza fa-’hǧur ‘and shun all abominations’, (to leave alone, avoid, abstain from, ignore) Q 4:34 wa-’hǧurū-hunna fī ’l-maḍāǧiʕi ‘and ignore them in bed’. – haǧr (vn. I, act of parting company with s.o., forsaking, boycotting, ignoring) Q 73:10 wa-’ṣbir ʕalà mā yaqūlūna wa-’hǧur-hum haǧran ǧamīlan ‘and endure patiently what they say, and forsake them with a gracious forsaking’. – hāǧara (vb. III, to emigrate, migrate) Q 4:100 wa-man yuhāǧiru fī sabīli ’llāhi ‘and he who emigrates in the cause of God’. – muhāǧir (PA III, migrant, emigrant, s.o. who migrates from their home/country) Q 4:100 wa-man yaḫruǧu min bayti-hī muhāǧiran ʔilà ’ḷḷāhi wa-rasūli-hī ‘and whosoever leaves home migrating to God and His Messenger’. – mahǧūr (PP I, forsaken, abandoned, deserted, shunned, neglected; abused, slandered, insulted) Q 25:30 wa-qāla ’l-rasūlu yā rabbi ʔinna qawm-ī ’ttaḫaḏū hāḏā ’l-qurʔāna mahǧūran ‘and the Messenger will say, “My Lord, my people have considered this Revelation as something of no consequence (or: s.th. to be ignored, or: to be abused)’.
▪ Hava1899 has vb. II ^†haǧǧara with still another meaning: ‘to perform (prayer) before the time (Moslem)’, and vb. III hāǧara not only in the sense of ‘to emigrate’ but, more specifically, ‘to leave nomadic life’; hiǧraẗ not only ‘estrangement’ but also ‘removal from the desert to a town’.

cogn

▪ Zammit2002: Hbr hgr (Š-stem) ‘to leave alone’, Ar haǧara ‘to separate o.s. from, break off’
▪ DRS 5 (1995)#HGR-1 Ar haǧara ‘rompre avec, s’éloigner de, abandonner; bouder qn, cesser de lui parler’, hiǧraẗ ‘rupture, séparation; départ, émigration’, Marāz mahǧar ‘endroit isolé, lieu dont il n’y a aucun avantage à tirer’, HispAr hažar ‘détester’, Mhr hōgər, Jib hogór ‘émigrer’. – Outside Sem: ? [Berb] Warg aggur ‘marcher’, Naf agər, agur ‘s’en aller’, Tmzġ gurr ‘aller, partir, marcher’? […] -3 Syr hᵉgar, ʔahgar ‘devenir musulman’, mahgᵉrā, mahgᵉrāyā ‘musulman’. […] -7 YemAr haǧar : ruines d’une ville antique, hiǧreh ‘enclave protégée’, SAr hgr ‘ville’, Gz hagar ‘ville, village, province, pays’, hagarit ‘ville, citadins’, Te Tña hagär, ‘région habitée, cité, village’, Amh Choa, Gur agär ‘terre, pays’; ? MġrAr mahǧar ‘chemin, rue très fréquentée, animée’. – Outside Sem: Cohen1969:77 proposant de voir dans HǦR avec cette valeur, une variante méridionale de ʔKL, rapproche d’Eg ʔkr ‘dieu de la terre’, [Berb] Tmšq, Sūs akāl ‘terre, terrain, pays’, [Cush] Af erkē, SaAf rikē, Or irge ‘endroit, place’; sans doute Som hag, hal ‘id.’.

disc

▪ Huehnergard2011 considers HǦR with the value ‘to depart’ as an exclusively Ar root.
▪ A relation to other values of HǦR should however not be discarded right away, although it is not attested and therefore difficult to prove. ‘Departing, leaving behind’ may be at the basis of YemAr haǧar ‘ruins of an old city/village’ (perhaps: *deserted place, = HǦR_7 s.v. ↗HǦR). But one could also imagine the reverse to be the case, i.e., ‘departing, leaving behind’ to be denominative from these ‘ruins’. In a similar vein, Kerr (2014:79,n.119) holds that, outside Ar, the root HǦR is attested only in SSem, where it carries the meaning of ‘city-dweller’ (HǦR_7) (cf. also Ar huǧraẗ, hiǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’), and in Hbr and Aram as the name of Abraham’s concubine, Hagar (not accounted for in DRS). haǧara could thus be dependent on haǧar (which perhaps is a Wanderwort (cf. Sum agar ‘territoire irrigué’, Latin ager ‘champ’, IE *ag̑ro-s ‘field, field in cultivation’—DRS). Some dictionaries indeed (though with adverse direction) interpret the notion of ‘departing’ as that of a ‘removal from the desert to the towns or villages’, in this way linking ‘departure’ up to ‘town, village’. – What is deserted and neglected, also becomes ugly and disgusting; is haǧara therefore possible also the source of HǦR_3 ‘to talk nonsense, obscene language’ (↗huǧr)? Probably not, the latter may be just a metathetical variant of ↗ǦHR.
▪ A relation to the value ‘hottest time of the day’ (HǦR_2, ↗hāǧiraẗ) ‘because people [then] shelter themselves in their tents or houses, as though they forsook one another (tahāǧarū)’ (Lane, quoting Qāmūs), does not seem very likely.

west

▪ Engl Hegira, 1580 s, from mLat hegira, from Ar hiǧraẗ ‘departure; emigration, flight’, from haǧara ‘to depart’ – Huehnergard2011, .

deriv

► haǧǧara, vb. II, to induce (s.o.) to emigrate: D-stem, caus.
► ^BP#4922hāǧara, vb. III, 1 to emigrate; to migrate, drift away (min from an area): L-stem, associative; cf., however, also muhāǧir, below. – 2 (leb.) to be carried away, be in ecstasy, be out of this world (fī because of, by): fig. use of v1.
► ʔahǧara, vb. IV, 1 to leave, abandon, give up (s.th.): may be denom. from *haǧar in the sense of ‘settlement’ (*giving up desert life and settle in an agricultural area), see DISC above and huǧraẗ ~ hiǧraẗ below. – 2 ↗huǧr.
► tahāǧara, vb. VI, to desert one another, part company, separate, break up: tD-stem, recipr.
► haǧr, n., 1 abandonment, forsaking, leaving, separation; avoidance, abstention; separation from the beloved one: vn. I. – 2 ↗hāǧiraẗ.
► ^BP#1760hiǧraẗ, n.f., departure, exit; emigration, exodus; immigration (ʔilà to); al-Hiǧraẗ, n.f., the Hegira, the emigration of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. | Dār al-hiǧraẗ, epithet of Medina; al-hiǧraẗ min al-rīf, n.f., rural exodus, migration from rural areas: n.vic. I, f.
► hiǧrī, adj., of the Hegira, pertaining to Mohammed’s emigration. nsb-adj. of preceding item. | sanaẗ hiǧriyyaẗ, n.f., a year of the Hegira, a year of the Muslim era (beginning with Mohammed’s emigration).
► huǧraẗ, hiǧraẗ, pl. huǧar, hiǧar, n.f., agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd: perh. akin to HǦR_7 in ↗HǦR. The notion of ‘agricultural settlement, cultivated field’ may in itself be the meaning on which that of haǧara is dependent as *‘to leave desert life and settle in an area of agriculture’ (see DISC above).
► mahǧar, pl. mahāǧirᵘ, n., place of emigration, retreat, refuge, sanctuary; emigration; settlement, colony; al-Mahǧar, the Mahjar, the Arab diaspora, Arabs living abroad, specif., in the New World: n.loc.
► mahǧarī, adj., living in exile, exile (in compounds); pertaining to the Mahjar: nsb-adj. of preceding item.
► tahǧīr, n., displacement (of persons); evacuation, relocation (of population): vn. II.
► muhāǧaraẗ, n.f., emigration: vn. III; cf., however, also muhāǧir, below.
► mahǧūr, adj., 1 abandoned, forsaken, deserted: PP I. – 2 lonely, lonesome: ext. of v1. – 3 in disuse, out of use; obsolete (word), antiquated, archaic: ext. of v1. – ^†4 (Hava1899:) uncouth (word), absurd (speech): cf. ↗huǧr.
► ^BP#2962muhāǧir, n., 1 emigrant, emigré: PA III. – 2 al-Muhāǧirūn, n.pl., (histor.) the Meccans who emigrated with Mohammed to Medina: usually seen as a specialization of v1; Kerr2014, however, thinks al-Muhāǧirūn is based on Syr mhaggrāyā (borrowed into Greek as magaroí) ‘the Hagarites’, a synonym for ‘Arabs’, the successors of Ismael, son of Abraham and Hagar.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗HǦR, ↗huǧr ‘obscene language’, ↗huǧraẗ ‘agricultural settlement of the Wahabi Ikhwān in Nejd’, ↗hāǧiraẗ ‘midday heat’.

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