Bibliotheca Polyglotta

I adj., 1a forbidden, prohibited, interdicted; b taboo; 2a holy, sacred, sacrosanct; II n., 2b s.th. sacred, sacred object; c sacred possession; d sanctum, sanctuary, sacred precinct; 3 wife – WehrCowan1976.

conc

▪ From protWSem *ḤRM ‘to forbid’ (Kogan2015). If the Akk evidence can be counted in, one may perh. even posit a common protSem *X̣RM ‘to separate, ban, prohibit’ (Huehnergard2011).
▪ The term and derivations from it cover three semantic fields of high cultural importance: religious (sanctuary, holy place, etc.), sexual-moral-legal (women, forbidden for others to see\touch\marry), and ethical (respect, dignity) – see section DERIV, particularly the terms figuring in BuckwalterParkinson’s frequency list (marked »BP«).
▪ Perh. also ↗ḥirām ʻwoolen blanket’ and ↗maḥramaẗ ʻhandkerchief’ are ultimately akin, as both seem to be built, originally, on the idea of ʻcovering, protecting’, which is a kind of ‘separating, denying, prohibiting, forbidding’, sc. others from seeing or touching taboo parts.
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hist

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cogn

▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤRM-?1 Akk ḫarāmu ‘couvrir’ (CAD: arāmu~ḫarāmu~erēmu ʻto stretch or place (a membrane, skin or a layer of metal) over and object, place a tablet in a clay case’), Ar ḥirām ‘couverture’. -2 Akk ḫarāmu ‘séparer’; – Moab *hḥrm, Hbr hęḥ^ęrīm ‘consacrer, vouer’; Hbr ‘vouer à la destruction totale’, JP ḥarem ‘excommunier, interdire, déclarer qc mise à part pour l’usage du Temple, vouer à la destruction’, Nab ḥrm ‘chose sacrée, inviolable’, hḥrm ‘vouer’, Mnd ḥrm ‘interdire, maudire’; Ar ḥarama ‘repousser, tenir à distance, prohiber, déclarer illicite’, ḥarima ‘être illicite, être sacré et interdit à l’usage profane’, ḥaram ‘chose illicite, sacrée; enceinte sacrée; femme’; ḥurumāt ‘ordres et interdits inviolables (de Dieu)’, DaṯAr miḥrām ‘sanctuaire’; SAr ḥrm (vb.): Sab ‘être interdit, proscrit; être en état de sacralisation (pèlerin)’, Qat ‘être prohibé, puni; décréter, commander’, Soq ḥrm ‘maudire’, Ḥrs ḥerm ‘être privé (de droits conjugaux)’, Mhr ḥōrəm, Ḥrs ḥārəm ‘se repentir, jurer de ne pas’, Jib oḥúrm ‘jurer de ne pas’, Mhr ḥrūm ‘provoquer un désastre en enfreignant un interdit’, Jib aḥrím ‘interdire’; – ḥrm (n.): Sab ḥrm, Sab Qat Min mḥrm ‘enclos, sanctuaire’, Mhr Ḥrs ḥərōm, Jib ḥárúm ‘interdit, tabou’, Ḥrs ḥərām ‘mariage, légitimité’, Mhr ḥərmēt ‘femme, épouse; femme sans défense, veuve’, Jib ḥarmɛ́t ‘veuve’; Gz ḥarama, Te ḥarräma, Amh harrämä,arrämä ‘interdire’, Te məḥram ‘sanctuaire’, Tña ḥarämä ‘être interdit’. – ? YemAr ḥaram(ä) ‘mort naturelle’. -3 ḤḍrAr maḥrameh ‘foulard de tête’, EAr maḥrameh, MġrAr maḥramah, mḥarmah ‘mouchoir, foulard’, Soq mḥármeh ‘turban’. -4 […].
▪ Kogan2015, 84 #23: Hbr ḥrm (hip.) ‘to put under a ban’, Syr ḥrm (ap.) ‘devovit, Ar ḥrm ‘to be forbidden, prohibited’, Sab ḥrm ‘to put under restraint’, Min ḥrm ‘proclamer sacre’, Qat ḥrm ‘to be forbidden’, Gz ḥarama ‘to forbid’, Mhr ḥōrəm ‘to repent; to swear not to do s.th.’, ḥrūm ‘to bring disaster by doing s.th. forbidden’, Jib aḥrím ‘to forbid’, Soq ḥórim ‘maudire’.
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disc

▪ Kogan2015: 84 #23 is reluctant to accept an ESem dimension. He points to the absence of Ug cognates; the lack of an exact verbal match in Akk – ḫarāmu ‘to separate’ is »presumably related«, but only »very sparsely attested« (n.246) – ; and the doubtfulness of Akk ḫarimtu ‘prostitute’ as a parallel. Taken together, he posits protWSem *ḤRM ‘to forbid’, while others, like Huehnergard2011, reconstruct a common protSem *X̣RM.
▪ The values treated in DRS as #ḤRM-1 (incl. Ar ḥirām ‘woolen blanket, worn as a garment around head and body)’ and #ḤRM-3 (incl. Ar maḥramaẗ ʻhandkerchief’) »peuvent être liées«, not only among each other, but also to ḥaram etc., i.e., the complex ‘to forbid, deny, prohibit’, as covering the head and\or body is a form of protecting one’s sanctity\inviolability\dignity by denying, preventing, forbidding others to see and\or touch the head or body, or because wrapping one’s head with a piece of cloth resembles the wrapping of a writing tablet in a protecting clay case (as in Akk arāmu~ḫarāmu~erēmu). See also s.v. ↗ḥirām and ↗maḥramaẗ.
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west

▪ Accord. to Huehnergard2011, Engl harem ‘part of a Middle Eastern house reserved for women’ is directly from Ar ↗ḥarīm ‘sanctuary, inviolable place, harem’. In contrast, EtymOnline thinks the borrowing happened in the 1630s via Tu harem, from Ar ḥaram ‘wives and concubines’, orig. ‘women’s quarters’, lit. *‘s.th. forbidden or kept safe’, from ḥarama ‘to guard, forbid’. From 1784 in Engl as ‘wives, female relatives and female slaves in a Middle Eastern household’. The harem-skirt was introduced in fashion 1911. Harem pants attested from 1921; fashionable c. 1944 – EtymOnline (as of 25Nov2020).
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Muharram, from Ar muḥarram ‘forbidden’, PP of ḥarrama, vb. II, ‘to declare sacred or unlawful, forbid’, D-stem of ḥarama, vb. I, ‘to exclude, deny, prohibit’. – Engl ihram, from Ar ʔiḥrām ‘state of ritual purity of pilgrims to Mecca’, vn. of ʔaḥrama, vb. IV, ‘to enter ihram’, *Š-stem of ḥarama, vb. I (see preceding).
▪ Accord. to Huehnergard2011, Engl Marrano ‘a Jew or Moor in Spain who, to avoid persecution, publicly professed conversion to Christianity while privately continuing in the practices and beliefs of their old religion’ is prob. from Ar maḥram ‘something forbidden’, quasi-n.loc., from ḥarama (as preceding). – In contrast, EtymOnline has: »1580s, from Span, prob. lit. *‘pig, swine’, an expr. of contempt, from Ar muḥarram ‘forbidden thing’ (eating of pork is forbidden by Muslim and Jewish religious law), from ḥaruma ‘to be forbidden’ – EtymOnline (as of 25Nov2020).
▪ For Engl harmattan , cf. ↗ḥarām.

deriv

►al-ḥaramān, n.du., the two Holy Places, Mecca and Medina
►ṯāliṯ al-ḥaramayn, n., the third Holy Place, i.e., Jerusalem.

►ḥaruma, u, var. ḥarima, a, vb. I, to be forbidden, prohibited, interdicted, unlawful, unpermitted (ʕalà to s.o.): vb.intr., perh. denom. from ḥaram or ḥarām.
► ^BP#2430ḥarama, i (ḥirm, var. ḥirmān), vb. I, 1 to deprive, bereave, dispossess, divest (s.th. or min s.o. of s.th.), take away, withdraw, withhold (s.th. or min from s.o. s.th.), deny, refuse (s.th. or min to s.o. s.th.); 2 to exclude, debar, preclude, cut off (s.o., s.th. or min s.o. from s.th.); 3 to excommunicate (s.o.; Chr.): vb.tr., perh. denom. from ḥaram or ḥarām.
► ^BP#3966ḥarrama, vb. II, 1 to declare (s.th.) sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable, or taboo, to taboo (s.th.); 2 to declare (s.th.) unlawful, not permissible, forbid, interdict, proscribe (s.th., to s
.o.); 3 to render (s.o.) immune or proof (min against), immunize (min s.o. against): D-stem, declar./caus. | ~ ʕalà nafsi-hī, vb., to deny o.s. s.th., abstain, refrain from s.th.
►ʔaḥrama, vb. IV, 1 to excommunicate (s.o.; Chr.); 2 to enter into the state of ritual consecration (esp., of a Mecca pilgrim; see ʔiḥrām): *Š-stem, [v1] declar., specialised used in rel. context, from ḥirm (see below), [v2] denom. from ʔiḥrām.
►taḥarrama, vb. V, 1 to be forbidden, interdicted, prohibited; 2 to be holy, sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable: Dt-stem, intr./self-ref.
► ^BP#3070ĭḥtarama, vb. VIII, to honor, revere, venerate, esteem, respect (s.o., s.th.): Gt-stem, self-ref. (*ʻto have o.s. a respectful attitude towards’) | ~ nafsa-hū, vb., to be self-respecting.
►ĭstaḥrama, vb. X, 1 to deem (s.th.) sacrosanct, sacred, holy, inviolable; 2 to deem (s.th.) unlawful or unpermissible: *Št-stem, desid.-declar.

►ḥirm, n., excommunication (Chr.): vn. I.
► ^BP#1688ḥaram, pl. ʔaḥrām, I adj., 1a forbidden, prohibited, interdicted; b taboo; 2 holy, sacred, sacrosanct; II n., 3a s.th. sacred, sacred object; b sacred possession; c sanctum, sanctuary, sacred precinct; 4 wife | al-ḥaramān, n.du., the two Holy Places, Mecca and Medina; ṯāliṯ al-ḥaramayn, n., the third Holy Place, i.e., Jerusalem.
► ^BP#3581ḥurmaẗ, pl. ḥuram, var. ḥurumāt, ḥuramāt, n.f., 1 holiness, sacredness, sanctity, sacrosanctity, inviolability; 2 reverence, veneration, esteem, deference, respect; 3 that which is holy, sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable, or taboo; 4 pl. ḥuram, a woman, lady; b wife.
► ^BP#1261ḥarām, pl. ḥurum, I adj., 1a forbidden, interdicted, prohibited, unlawful; b inviolable, taboo; 2 sacred, sacrosanct; 3 cursed, accursed; II n., 4 s.th. forbidden, offense, sin | ĭbn ~, n., illegitimate son, bastard; al-ʔarāḍī al-ḥarām, nonhum.pl., 1a no man’s land; b neutral territory; al-bayt al-ḥarām, n., the Kaaba; al-šahr al-ḥarām, n., the Holy Month Muḥarram; al-masǧid al-ḥarām, n., the Holy Mosque in Mecca; ḥarām ʕalay-ka, expr., you mustn’t do (say) that; bi-ḥarām, adv., illicitly, illegally, unlawfully.
►ḥirām, pl. ‑āt, var. ʔaḥrimaẗ, n., a woolen blanket (worn as a garment around head and body): prob. akin to ḥaram etc.; see ↗s.v. and sections CONC and DISC, above.
► ^BP#4832ḥarīm, pl. ḥurum, n., 1 a sacred, inviolable place, sanctum, sanctuary, sacred precinct; 2a harem; b female members of the family, women; c wife: quasi-PP I.
►ḥarīmī, adj., women’s (in compounds), for women: nisba formation from the preceding.
►ḥurūm, pl. ‑āt, n., excommunication (Chr.): < vn. I ?
►ḥarāmī, pl. ‑iyyaẗ, n., thief, robber, bandit: nisba formation, from ḥarām in the sense of ʻcursed, accursed’ (?) or *ʻs.o. dealing with forbidden\unlawful things’.
► ^BP#3004ḥirmān, n., 1a deprivation, bereavement, dispossession (of s.o., of a.th.); b debarment, exclusion, preclusion (min from); c privation; 2 excommunication (Chr.): vn. I. | ḥirmān al-ʔirṯ, n., exclusion from inheritance, disinheritance (Isl. Law).
►maḥram, pl. maḥārimᵘ, n., 1 s.th. forbidden, inviolable, taboo, sacrosanct, holy, or sacred; 2 unmarriageable, being in a degree of consanguinity precluding marriage (Isl. Law): n.loc., with specialised sense [v2].
►maḥramaẗ, pl. maḥārimᵘ, n.f., handkerchief: orig. perh. *ʻpiece of cloth used to cover head\body and protect taboo parts from being violated’? See DISC in root entry ↗√ḤRM as well as own entry ↗maḥramaẗ.
►taḥrīm, n., forbiddance, interdiction, prohibition, ban: vn. II.
►ʔiḥrām, n., 1 state of ritual consecration of the Mecca pilgrim (during which the pilgrim, wearing two seamless woolen or linen sheets, usually white, neither combs nor shares, and observes sexual continence); 2 garments of the Mecca pilgrim: vn. IV, [v2] synecdoch. use.
► ^BP#1044ĭḥtirām, pl ‑āt, 1a deference, respect, regard, esteem, reverence; b honoring (e.g., of a privilege); c pl. honors, respects, tributes: vn. VIII.
►maḥrūm, adj., 1 deprived, bereaved, bereft (min of); 2 excluded, precluded, debarred (min from); 3 suffering privation (as opposed to marzūq); 4 excommunicated (Chr.): PP I.
► ^BP#3580muḥarram, adj., n., 1 forbidden, interdicted; 2 Muharram, name of the first Islamic month: PP II. | Muḥarram al-ḥarām, honorific name of this month.
►muḥrim, n., Mecca pilgrim who has entered the state of ritual consecration (see ʔiḥrām): PA IV.
► ^BP#2905muḥtaram, adj., 1 honored, revered, venerated, esteemed, respected; 2 (in the salutation of letters:) my dear; 3 venerable, reverend; 4 notable, remarkable, considerable: PP VIII.

See also ↗ḥarām, ↗ḥirām, ↗ḥarīm, ↗ḥarāmī, ↗maḥramaẗ, and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤRM.

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