Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_1 ‘to untie, solve, loosen, release, analyze, exculpate’ ↗ḥalla u (ḥall) / i (ḥill)
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_2 ‘to be allowed, permissible, lawful; (legal) husband, wife; to be due’ ↗ḥalla i (ḥill)
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_3 ‘to dismount, alight, stop, halt, settle down, stay; place, residence; to befall, occur, happen; to occupy; to become incarnate (in s.o.; God); to set in, begin (time, season)’ ↗ḥalla i, u (ḥulūl).
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_4 ‘clothing, dress, suit’ ↗ḥullaẗ
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_5 ‘outer opening of the urethra’ ↗ʔiḥlīl
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_6 ‘cooking pot (EgAr)’ ↗ḥallaẗ

▪ ^†ḤLː (ḤLL)_7 ‘sesame’ : ClassAr ^†ḥall
▪ ^†ḤLː (ḤLL)_8 ‘pain between the legs’ : ClassAr ^†ḥalal

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘locale, residing area, township; stopping place, way station; to unpack, to come down, to take up residence, to terminate one’s travelling; to become permissible, to become free, spouse; to untie, to solve; to dissolve; to deserve’

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▪ From protSem *√ḤLL ‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ – Huehnergard2011.
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cogn

▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤLL–1 Akk ell ‘pur’,¹ elēlu ‘être pur, libre’,² mullil officiant du culte, ‘purificateur’, Ug ḥll ‘être désacralisé’, mḥll ‘officiant (?)’, Can ḥol, ḥālāl ‘profane, non sacré’, ḥillel ‘rendre profane, profaner; détacher, ouvrir, donner accès à; jeter bas, détruire’, Aram ḥallel ‘tenir pour permis, purifier’, Ar ḥalla ‘être permis, licite; être obligatoire’, ḥill, ḥalāl ‘chose permise, licite’; – ḥalla ‘dénouer, déplier, résoudre’, dial. ḥall ‘ouvrir’; Sab ḥll ‘être à la merci de, être sans protection contre’, Qat ḥll ‘annuler, mettre fin, perdre’, ḥtll ‘trouver du secours, être secouru’, mḥllt (pl.) ‘vannes d’écluse’; ? Sab mḥlt : paiement d’une taxe; Mhr ḥlūl ‘déclarer licite’, Jib aḥlél ‘rendre licite, pardonner’, Mhr ḥáttəl ‘être résolu; être purgé’, Jib ḥɔ́ttəl ‘disparaître’, Mhr ḥəláwl, Jib ḥálúl ‘purge’; – ? Mhr šəḥlūl, Jib s̃ḥɛlél ‘prendre le repas du soir en mois de ramadan’; Tña ḥalal ‘brave homme; profitable, avantageux; légitime (épouse, enfant)’, Amh halal ‘licite (pour les Musulmans)’. –2 BedAr ḥlāl ‘biens’, Sab ḥllt, Min ḥl ‘propriété (foncière)’, Sab ʔḥll (pl.) ‘dépouilles (du combat)’. – ? –3 Ar ḥalla ‘prendre place’, ḥillaẗ ‘séjour, quartier’, maḥall(aẗ) ‘halte, campement; lieu, place’, Tham ḥll ‘camper’, Sab ḥll ‘camper’, Mhr Ḥars ḥəl, Jib ḥell ‘s’établir, demeurer’, Ḥars məḥél ‘endroit’, Jib ḥallɛ́t ‘ville’, Śḥr añḥall ‘lieu, place’, añḥallet ‘demeure, chambre’, Soq tḥalol ‘séjourner’, ? Jib oḥól ‘virevolter, aller de place en place’; Gz ḥalala ‘être rassemblé, entrer’. –4 Syr ḥellā ‘voile’, Ar ḥullaẗ ‘robe, manteau’. –5 Ar ʔiḥlīl ‘canal du pis ou de la verge’, YemAr ḥillūl ‘trachée artère, gorge’, ḥallāl, ḥallālah ‘jonc, bambou; tube de houka’, EgAr ḥillaẗ ‘conduite d’eau’, ʔiḥlīl, ḥalal ‘pénis’. –6 […]. –7 Ar ḥall ‘sésame’, Mhr ḥāl, Ḥrs həl, Jib hal, Śḥr ḥall ‘huile’, Soq ḥal : huile parfumée. –8 […]. –9 […]. –10 […]. –11 […]. –12 Ar ḥalal ‘douleur dans les cuisses’. –13 EgAr ḥallaẗ ‘cocotte, marmite’.
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_1-3: Zammit2002: Akk elēlu ‘rein sein, werden; frei sein’, Ug ḥl(l) ‘lösen (vom Bann)’, Hbr ḥālal (Hif.) ‘to begin’ (lit. ‘untie, loosen, open’), Aram ḥᵃlal ‘to wash, rinse; to degrade, profane’, Syr ḥalel ‘to purify’, Ar ḥalla ‘to untie (a knot); to be lawful; alight, settle in a place’, SAr ḥll ‘to encamp; to be unprotected (against)’, Gz ḥalala ‘to be gathered, come in’.
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_1-3: Orel&Stolbova1994#1284: Outside Sem: (WCh) Bolewa ʔall‑ [?] ‘to loosen’, ʔúlee‑, olai, ʔúléi ‘to untie’ in three CCh idioms, and [not mentioned in StarLing any longer] the form wule ‘to loosen’ in an ECh language.
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_6: ? Youssef2003: Eg ḥnw, Copt ḥna(a)u ‘cooking pot’.
▪ For ^†ḤLː (ḤLL)_7 ‘sesame’ (ClassAr ^†ḥall), cf. also Akk ellu ‘sesame oil (of a specific quality)’ (CAD). CAD refers the reader of this entry to that of elēlu ‘to become pure’ (without further explanation).

1. Cf., e.g., ellu ‘1 clean, pure; 2 holy, sacred; 3 free, noble’; ellu , f. elletu ‘(cultically) clean person’; ellūtu ‘purity’, etc. – CAD. 2. elēlu ‘1 to become pure, to become free (of debt by royal decree)’; 2 ullulu ‘to purify, to make pure, to keep pure, to consecrate to a deity, to make free’; 3 utallulu ‘to cleanse o.s., to be purified’. Attested from oAkk on – CAD.

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▪ From the 13 values that DRS lists for the root ḤLL in Sem, only eight are attested in Ar. Two of these are dialect usages not to be found in MSA (DRS #ḤLL-2 ‘goods’ and #ḤLL-13 ‘cooking pot, vessel’), and two are attested in ClassAr but no longer in MSA (#ḤLL-7 ‘sesame’, #ḤLL-12 ‘pain in the legs, between the thighs’). DRS thinks (with Palache) that items #1 through #5 are related, being derived from a primary meaning of *‘to loose, untie, open, set free’. From this, the values ‘to unsaddle, put down the luggage, unload’, and hence ‘to stop, rest, settle down’ can easily be derived, and neither is a development of *‘to untie, open, release, set free’ into ‘to allow, desacralize’ semantically problematic, nor is it difficult to explain the meanings (DRS #ḤLL-5) ‘windpipe’, ‘canal of the udder or of the urethrea’, ‘hooka pipe’ etc. as the channels through which air, milk, urine, etc. is ‘released’. DRS remains silent, however, about what ‘clothing, garb, dress, suit’ (#ḤLL-4) should be derived from *‘to loose, untie, release’, etc.
▪ Cf. also Fronzaroli#4.05 who treats Ar ḥalla ‘to untie’, ḥalīl ‘(legitimate) husband’ and ḥalāl ‘legitimate’ as basically one item.
▪ Cf. however Huehnergard2011 who, probably on account of the Akk evidence, assumes *‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ as the primary value of Sem ḤLL – at least in the context of ḤLː (ḤLL)_2, Ar ḥalla ‘to undo, free, be permissible’, hence ḥalāl ‘legally permissible’.
▪ Given the unproblematic transition *‘to loose, untie,…’ > ‘to unsaddle, unload’ > ‘to rest, settle down’, DRS considers a connection (that obviously has been proposed) between ‘place, to settle’ and the root √ḪLL as little likely.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #1284 reconstructs Sem *ḥul‑ ‘to untie’, WCh *ḥal‑ (<*ḥula‑) [StarLing: *Hal ], CCh *ʔul‑ [StarLing: *ʔo/ul ] ‘to untie’, ECh *wul‑ (< *ʔul‑) [not mentioned in StarLing], all from AfrAs *ḥul‑ [StarLing: dto.] ‘to untie’. StarLing adds: »Scarce data. Unreliable.«
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_4: Fraenkel1886 thinks that Ar ḥullaẗ ‘clothing, dress, robe’ probably is from Syr ḥellā ‘garment of fine linen’.¹
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_5 belongs obviously to the complex of ḤLː (ḤLL)_1 ‘to untie, release’ and means a canal through which liquids, air, etc. are ‘released’ and or run freely.
▪ For ḤLː (ḤLL)_6 EgAr ḥallaẗ ‘cooking pot’ (DRS #ḤLL-13), a Copt < Eg etymology has been suggested (not mentioned in DRS).
▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_1: As cognate in a wider sense can also count Ar ↗ʔaylūl ‘(now mostly synonymous with) September’, since the name of this month is from Akk ulūlu, elūlu, elūnu, the name of a festival and of a month corresponding to parts of August and September. The Akk name belongs to the vb. Akk elēlu (< *ḥalālum) ‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ – Huehnergard2011. The later history of the word is sketched by Zimmern1914 as: Akk elēlu > lHbr ʔälûl, Aram ʔelūlā > SyrAr ʔaylūl > Ar fuṣḥà ʔaylūl (hence also other languages, e.g. Tu eylül).

1. Also ‘dust, fine dust; white film in the eyes, cataract’

west

▪ Tu 1876 [Aḥmed Vefīḳ, Luġat-ı ʕOs̠mānī ]: from ↗Ar ʔaylūl, from Aram ʔelūl, from Akk elūlu (name of a month; Nişanyan2011: ‘harvest season’).
▪ Engl halal : from Ar ḥalāl, from ↗ḥalla (ḥill) ‘to be allowed, permissable’.

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