Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḤMR_1 ‘red’ ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ
▪ ḤMR_2 ‘asphalt’ ↗ḥumar
▪ ḤMR_3 ‘donkey’ ↗ḥimār
▪ ḤMR_4 ‘deer, roebuck’ ↗yaḥmūr
Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane ii 1865, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ḤMR_5 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-1) ‘to burn with anger’: ^†ḥamira (a, ḥamar)
▪ ^†ḤMR_6 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-1) ‘intense heat’: ^†ḥamārraẗ; cf. also ^†ḥimir ʻviolent, severe; most copious’
▪ ^†ḤMR_7 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-1) ‘inflammation caused by eating too much barley or by prolonged thirst, indigestion (horse)’: ^†ḥamar
▪ ^†ḤMR_8: (diseases causing red skin etc.) ʻerysipelas¹ ; skin lesion caused by anthrax’: ^†ḥumraẗ; cf. also ^†ḥumayraẗ ‘measles’.
▪ ^†ḤMR_9 ‘a kind of bird like a sparrow, red-headed sparrow, redstart’: ^†ḥum(m)ar
▪ ^†ḤMR_10 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-4) ‘ramasser, réunir de tous côtés’: ^†ʔaḥmara
▪ ^†ḤMR_11 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-7) ‘tamarind’: ^†ḥumar
▪ ^†ḤMR_12 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-10) ‘to scrape off, flay (sheep); to shave (the head); to excoriate; (fig.) to criticise sharply’: ^†ḥamara (u, ḥamr)
▪ ^†ḤMR_13 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-10) ‘to cut in pieces’: ^†ḥammara
▪ ^†ḤMR_14 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-11) ‘marcher vite’: ^†ʔaḥmara
▪ ^†ḤMR_15 ‘large rock; tombstone’: ^†ḥimāraẗ
▪ ^†ḤMR_16 ‘to ride a jade’: ^†ḥammara
▪ ^†ḤMR_17 ‘choice part of a flock; (fig.) anything precious’:^†ḥumr al-naʕam
▪ ^†ḤMR_18 ‘polisher for iron’: ^†ḥimār
▪ ^†ḤMR_19 ‘Anchusa, pigeon-foot (plant)’: ^†ḥumayrāʔᵘ
▪ ^†ḤMR_20 (ḤMYR) ‘Hymiarites (ancient tribe of Yemen)’: ^†ḥimyar (n.coll.); cf. also ^†ḥammara ʻto speak Hymiaritic’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘redness, to dye or colour red; (of a person) to be fair in colour; to be difficult; donkey; big boulders; to scrape off, flay’.

1. a relatively common bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin (upper dermis), extending to the superficial lymphatic vessels within the skin, characterized by a raised, well-defined, tender, bright red rash, typically on the face or legs – en.wiki, 27Feb2021.

conc

▪ Huehnergard2011, Kogan2011, DRS: from protSem *ḥimār‑ ‘donkey’.

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cogn

▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR (for a comment on the grouping, see below, section DISC): -1 Akk emēru ‘être rouge’, emr‑, Ug ḥmr, Ar ʔaḥmar, yaḥmūr ‘rouge’, Sab ḥmrt (?) ‘rouge (?)’, Gz ḥamar ‘baie rouge’, Tña ḥamär, ḥamray ‘rouge; roux, brun clair (cheval)’, Amh ḥamär ‘roux (cheval)’. Hbr ḥᵃmarmar ‘être rougeâtre’. – nHbr ḥämar ‘brûler’; EmpAram hmr ‘colère’, Ar ḥamira ‘être rouge de colère’, ḥamrāʔ, ḥamārraẗ ‘chaleur brûlante (de midi, de l’été)’, ḥimirr ‘très violent’, ḥamira ‘avoir mauvaise haleine’ Jib aḥmír ‘mauvaise haleine et indigestion’. -2 Akk amār ‘tas de briques’, Hbr ḥomęr ‘boue, argile de potier’, JP ḥemārā, Ar ḥumar ‘asphalte’, Soq ḥamóra ‘bitume’, ḥámreh ‘saleté, lie’. -3 protSem *ḤiMāR ‘âne’: Akk imēr‑, Ug ḥmr, Hbr ḥᵃmōr, EmpAram Palm hmr, ḥᵃmārā, Ar ḥimār, Sab Min ḥmr. – ? Mhr ḥəmūr, Ḥrs ḥəmōr, Jib ḥõr ‘domestiquer, dompter, dresser une monture’, Mhr ḥəmɛ̄r ‘maîtrisé’. -4 Ug ḥmr: unité de mesure, Hbr ḥomȩr ‘monceau’, mesure pour les dattes sèches; JP ḥᵃmar ‘entasser, accumuler’, Ar ʔaḥmara ‘ramasser, réunir de tous côtés’. -5 EmpAram ḥmr, Talm ḥōmer ‘joyau, perle’, Syr ḥumrā ‘petite sphère’; Mhr ḥēmər, Jib ḥəyɛ̃r ‘ceinture, cordon porté à la taille par les jeunes garçons’; – Mhr məḥáwmər, Jib moḥũr (pl.) ‘gouttes de pluie tombant des arbres’. – ?6 Syr ḥᵃmūrtā ‘roue; tronçon de colonne, maillon de chaîne, etc.’. -7 Ar ḥumar ‘tamarin, fruit du tamarin’, Gz ḥamor, ḥomar, Tña ḥamär, ḥomär, ḥəmor, Amh ḥomär ‘tamarin’. -8 Gz ḥāmar: sorte de petit bateau, Tña ḥamär, Amh hamär ‘bateau’. -9 Te ḥamra ‘maigrir (vache)’. -10 Ar ḥamara ‘gratter, raser, écorcer, écorcher’, miḥmar ‘écharnoir’, ḥammara ‘hacher’. -11 ʔaḥmara ‘marcher vite’.
▪ [v7] Kogan2011: Akk emeru ‘to have intestinal trouble’, Hbr ḥmr ‘to glow, burn (of intestines)’, Ar ḥmr ‘to suffer from indidestion and bad breath’, Jib aḥmír ‘bad breath and indigestion’ (SED I No. 28v).
▪ [v15] Kogan2015: 594 #15: Jib ḥɛr̃ ‘mountain’, Soq ḥámər ‘petite montagne’, likely identical with Ar ḥimāraẗ ‘mass of stone or rock, any wide stone’, perh. also Hbr ḥōmär ‘heap’ (but not the Hbr measure name ḥōmär, which is »almost certainly derived from ḥămōr ‘donkey’«).
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▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR: On their grouping, the authors remark that »[l]e classement a ici principalement pour but d’ordonner commodément les diverses valeurs. Il n’implique pas toujours des séparations fondamentales. Les valeurs peuvent, pour certaines, être liées à d’autres dont elles constitueraient des emplois métaphoriques.«
▪ [v1] An indication of the colour term’s development from *ʻto glow, burn’ could be fact that it is not the original Sem term for ʻred’, which can be reconstructed as protSem *ʔdm ‘red’ (cf. Kogan2011).
▪ [v3] (DRS, on their #ḤMR-3): »Le nom de l’âne a été expliqué par certains comme *ʻanimal rouge’ [v1], par d’autres comme *ʻanimal porteur, bête de somme’, le rattachant à la notion de ʻcharge’ qui serait attestée en SAr et en Aram. […] Pour Hodge, Fol.Or. 17 (1976): 11, qui compare à l’Eg mr ʻattacher’, ḥ‑ serait une préformative, d’où ʻattaché [avec une charge]’; contre Leslau CDG 234: “ni ḥml ni ḥmr n’existent en Gz …. Le Gz ḥamala ʻtransporter’ est un emprunt à l’Ar.” – Le rapprochement avec les formes signifiant ʻdompter, domestiquer, apprivoiser’ est hautement hypothétique.« – Kogan2015 (594 #15) thinks that the measure name Hbr ḥōmär is »almost certainly derived from ḥămōr ‘donkey’« (= Ar ḥămōr).
▪ [v4] (DRS, on their #ḤMR-1): »L’Hbr et l’Ar connaissent une forme yaḥmūr en relation avec cette racine. En Hbr, elle est citée dans deux passages nommant des animaux licites à la consommation: Deut. 14:5 et 1 Rois 5:3; il semble s’agir d’une sorte de ʻdaim’ ou de ʻgazelle’. En Ar, outre sa valeur de ʻrouge’, elle désigne, entre autres, 1’ʻonagre’, ce qui a conduit divers lexicographes à en faire un dérivé du nom de 1’ʻâne’; mais il se trouve qu’elle nomme aussi une espèce d’antilope et une espèce d’oiseau. Il paraît donc vraisemblable que cette désignation a plutôt un rapport avec le nom de la couleur«.
▪ [v7] Partial semantic overlapping with ↗√ḪMR ʻto ferment, be in a state of fermentation’.
▪ [v11] If a loan from Gz, one should not only consider Gz ḥamor, ḥomar ʻtamarind’, but perh. also ḥomar ʻacorn’, prob. akin to ḥamar ʻred berry’, thus ultimately from [v1] ʻred’.
▪ [v12] ClassAr lexicographers tend to make ʻto scrape off, skin’ dependent on [v1] ʻred’. Cf. root entry ḤMR in Lane ii 1865 which gives as first meaning of vb. I »ʻto pare a thong, strip it of its (inner) superficial part, then oil it, previously to sewing with it, so that it becomes easy to sew with’ (app. because this operation makes it to appear of a red, or reddish, colour], hence ʻto pare, peel, strip s.th. of its bark, coat, covering, crust, etc.’«; cf. also the expressions ḥamara-hū bi’l-sawṭ ʻto excoriate s.o. with the whip’, and the fig. use in ḥamara-hū bi’l-lisān ʻto gall s.o.’
▪ [v17] ^†ḥumr al-naʕam ‘choice part of a flock; (fig.) anything precious’: ClassAr lexicographers explain that the colour adj. ʔaḥmar (f. ḥamrāʔᵘ, pl. ḥumr), when applied to camels, means »ʻof a colour like that of saffron when a garment is dyed with it so that it stands up by reason of [the thickness of] the dye: or of an unmixed red colour’ […]. It is said that, of she-camels, the ḥamrāʔᵘ is the most able to endure the summer midday-heat; […] and that the ṣahbāʔᵘ is the most beautiful to look at […]; and the Arabs say that the best of camels are the ḥumr and the ṣuhb. [Hence,] ḥumr al-naʕam signifies the ʻhigh-bred\excellent of camels’, and is proverbially applied to ʻanything highly prized, precious, valuable, excellent’« – Lane ii 1865.
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▪ Cf. perh. Engl homer (unit of volume used by ancient Hebrews for liquids and dry goods) ↗ḥimār.

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