Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḪBR_1 (= DRS #ḪBR-2) ‘to try, test, experience; to have tried, experienced, know by experience; to get to know thoroughly; information, news, intelligence’ ↗ḫabara
▪ ḪBR_2 ‘cotter, peg, pin, wedge’ ↗ḫābūr

Other values, now obsolete or dialectal only, include (cf. Lane, Wahrmund1886, Hava1899, DRS 10 2012):

ḪBR_3 ‘große Reisetasche für Proviant’ (big bag for traveler’s provision): ^†ḫabr (pl. ḫubūr) ~ ^†ḫibr, ^†ḫabrāʔ ; whence also (fig. use?): ‘plenty of young camels yielding much milk’.
ḪBR_4 (= DRS #ḪBR-7) ‘portion, ration’: ^†ḫubraẗ (pl. ḫubar). Hence (?) also ‘sheep bought (and shared by a group of people) for being slaughtered; food; large bowl (in which a kind of soup is served, shared); provisions of a traveller’; MġrAr muḫābara ‘bail à portion de céréales dans lequel le cultivateur fournit les semences’.
ḪBR_5 (= DRS #ḪBR-5) ‘endroit où l’eau stagne et croupit’: ^†ḫabraẗ, ^†ḫabiraẗ, ^†ḫabrāʔ . Hence also (ʔarḍ) ḫabiraẗ ‘soil/field with lote-tree’, (ʔarḍ) ḫabrāʔ (pl. ḫibār, ḫabārà, ḫabārī, ḫabrāwāt) ‘field with lote-trees’ > ‘lote-tree’ (also ^†ḫabr).
ḪBR_6 ‘soft soil, soil with holes’: ^†ḫabār, meaning also ‘burrow of a mole’. > denom. vb. ^†ḫabira a ‘viele Mauslöcher (ḫabār) haben (Boden)’.
ḪBR_7 ‘the lion’: ^†al-ḫabūr .
ḪBR_8 ‘seed-produce’: ^†ḫabīr . (Cf. also ↗ḫabara as well as ḪBR_9 and ḪBR_10 below.)
ḪBR_9 ‘camel’s hair’: ^†ḫabīr . (Cf. also ↗ḫabara, ḪBR_8, ḪBR_10.)
ḪBR_10 ‘foam of the mouth of a camel’: ^†ḫabīr . (Cf. also ↗ḫabara as well as ḪBR_8 and ḪBR_9 above.)
ḪBR_11 (= DRS #ḪBR-3) part of the loom: ^†ḫabbir .
ḪBR_12 ‘mantilla’: ^†ḫabbāraẗ .
ḪBR_13 (= DRS #ḪBR-8) ‘tomber (feuilles, fruits de l’arbre)’: YemAr ḫabar .
ḪBR_14 ‘planta quaedam (Freytag1830), elder-tree (Hava1899), elder-berry (id., al-Mawrid 1995)’: ^†ḫābūr . – ? (= DRS #ḪBR-9) MġrAr ḫābōr ‘genêt d’Espagne’ (spartium, Spanish broom), ḫābōre ‘jaune de la couleur de ces genêts’?
ḪBR_15 ‘black snake’: ^†ḫaybarà .

BAH2008: ‘1 experience, to experience, expert, to be informed; 2 to inform, news, to seek information; 3 to test; 4 sense, intrinsic, the inner self’

conc

Out of the 10 values DRS lists for the root ḪBR in Sem, only 1 or 2 are relevant for MSA, another 5 are obsolete or dialectal only. Most of the ḪBR items of MSA belong to ḪBR_1 (= DRS #ḪBR-2), while ḪBR_2 (ḫābūr ‘peg, pin, wedge’), obviously a loanword, unless belonging to the complex of Sem ‘to join, unite, associate’ (treated as #ḪBR-1 in DRS) or a somehow fig. use of the word for a plant (of obscure etymology, this one too), perhaps is of Akk origin.

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ḪBR-1 Akk ḫabāru ‘rassembler’, ḫibr- ‘clan’, Ug ḫbr ‘communauté?’, ḥbr [ḥ] ‘compagnon’, Hbr ḥābar ‘être uni, joint’, ḥäbrā ‘compagnie, association’, ḥabēr, Nab ḥbr ‘compagnon, camarade’, JP ḥabber ‘joindre, lier’, Syr ḥabbar ‘s’associer’, Gz ḫabara, ḫabra ‘être associé, s’associer, rejoindre, s’accorder, conspirer’. -2 Ar ḫabara ‘éprouver par expérience’, ḫabura ‘être bien informé, savoir pertinemment’, ḫabbara ‘informer, annoncer’, SAr Mhr ḫəbūr, Jib ḫōr ‘examiner quelqu’un’, Jib oḫōr ‘dire les mots de salutation’, ḫotbər ‘se saluer’, Ḥrs ḫebōr ‘savoir, demander des nouvelles’, Soq ḥəbor ‘sonder, mesurer; donner la nouvelle d’un décès’, ḥéyber ‘être limité’, maḥber ‘limite’. -3 Akk ḫabāru ‘faire du bruit’, ḫubūr- ‘bruit, tapage’. – ? Gz ḫəbr ‘incantation, sorcellerie’. – ? Ar ḫabbir : une partie du métier à tisser. -4 Akk ḫabāru ‘être épais’, ḫabbart - ‘vêtements épais?’, ‘vieux vêtements?’. -5 Akk ḫibarīt- ‘terrain marécageux’, Ar ḫabraẗ, ḫabiraẗ, ḫabrāʔ ‘endroit où l’eau stagne et croupit’. -6 Akk ḫabbur - : sorte de vin. -7 Ar ḫubraẗ ‘portion, ration’, MġrAr muḫābara ‘bail à portion de céréales dans lequel le cultivateur fournit les semences’, Gz ḫəbr ‘portion de terrain’. -8 YemAr ḫabar ‘tomber (feuilles, fruits de l’arbre)’. -9 MġrAr ḫābōr ‘genêt d’Espagne’, ḫābōre ‘jaune de la couleur de ces genêts’. -10 Akk ḫuburt- ‘écorce de roseau?’, ‘jeune fille’.

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▪ ḪBR_1: DRS distinguishes this value (= #ḪBR-2) from that of ‘to assemble, join, associate’ (= #ḪBR-1), while Klein1987 treats the two as belonging together (in entry on Hbr √ḤBR). The latter value does not seem to be represented in Ar (unless ḪBR_2 one day should turn out to be related, see below). – According to DRS, »les verbes ‘saluer’ sont délocutifs de Mhr ḫəbōr? ‘(quelles) nouvelles?’ (< ʔaḫbār, pl. de ḫəbēr […])«.
▪ ḪBR_2: The value ‘cotter, peg, pin, wedge’ is not found in the usual dictionaries of ClassAr (Freytag1830, Kazimirski, Lane, BustānīMuḥīṭ); there, ḫābūr is only ‘a certain plant’ (Freytag1830), a tree (Bustānī), identified however by Hava1899 as ‘elder-tree’ and by DRS (in MġrAr) as ‘genêt d’Espagne’ (see ḪBR_14, below).¹ The fāʕūl form would suggest that we are dealing with a loanword, but the source remains obscure so far. Should we assume Akk (lBab, neoBab) ḫabburu (var. ḫaburru, ḫabūru ḫabbaru) ‘(green) shoot, stalk’ (CAD), in itself a Sum (?) loanword,² to be the etymon? A direct loan cannot per se be excluded, but a borrowing via Aram would be more common. However, given that the word is not mentioned in ClassAr dictionaries and only seems to appear at rather late stage in the history of the language would make us doubt the Akk hypothesis. The item is neither mentioned by Fraenkel1886 nor Zimmern1914. The first attestation found so far is in Hava1899, where it is said to be LevAr. But, as evidenced by BadawiHinds1986, it is also an EgAr item: ḫā̆būr (pl. ḫawā̆bīr) ‘wedge, wooden peg or plug’;³ and both WehrCowan1979 and Baalbaki1995 (al-Mawrid) list it as a MSA item. If Akk ḫabburu ‘(green) shoot, stalk’ should have to be excluded and if the meaning ‘peg, pin, wedge’ is not just a development, however unlikely, from the homonymous ḫābūr ‘certain plant, elder-tree, spartium’ (ḪBR_14) (*used as peg, pin, wedge?), should we then assume a relation to Sem ḪBR (DRS #ḪBR-1) ‘to assemble, join, connect, associate’? Rather unlikely either.⁴
▪ ḪBR_3: identical with / belonging to ḪBR_4 (= DRS #ḪBR-7)?
▪ ḪBR_4 (= DRS #ḪBR-7): includes perh. ḪBR_3.
▪ ḪBR_5 (= DRS #ḪBR-5): According to DRS, von Soden relates this item to Sem KBR as well as to Akk ḫamāru ‘(se) dessécher’ (cf. Ar ḫamira ‘changer, subir un changement’).
▪ ḪBR_6: no further information available.
▪ ḪBR_7: probably fig. use of some of the other items, but which?
▪ ḪBR_8-10: the values ‘seed-produce’, ‘camel’s hair’, and ‘foam of the mouth of a camel’ come in addition to the more common values of ḫabīr such as ‘aware; omniscient (God)’ (ḪBR_1, ↗ḫabara); a case of homonymy or fig. use? – the semantics are highly confusing here.
▪ ḪBR_11 (= DRS #ḪBR-3) ḫabbir, a part of the loom: according to DRS, CAD »semble expliquer le nom d’une ‘partie du métier à tisser’ par le bruit qu’elle provoque. – Pour le Gz, le rapport avec l’Akk est supposé par Finkelstein JBL 75/328 qui le justifie par le fait que l’enchanteur émet des sons.«
▪ ḪBR_12: no further information available.
▪ ḪBR_13 (= DRS #ḪBR-8): no further information available.
▪ ḪBR_14 ‘elder-tree (Hava1899), elder-berry (id., al-Mawrid 1995)’: ḫābūr. – For Freytag1830, this is just ‘some kind of plant’ (planta quaedam). But is it the same as the one called ḫābōr in DRS (#ḪBR-9), marked MġrAr there and identified as ‘genêt d’Espagne’ (spartium, Spanish broom) (whence also ḫābōre ‘jaune de la couleur de ces genêts’)? Cf. also (CAD) Akk (lBab) ḫubūru C ‘(a plant)’. – For a possible relation (or identity?) with ḪBR_2, see above s.v.
▪ ḪBR_15: no further information available.

1. According to PayneSmith1879 and BDB1906 there is also a n.pr.fl., Ar ḫābūr, Hbr ḥāḇûr, Syr ḥâbûr, ḥâbûrâ, Grk Xabṓras, which are from Akk ḫubur ~ ḫabur ‘place of the river ordeal; (the river of the) nether world’, which (accord. to CAD) is a Sum loanword. 2. Cf. Sum ^(gi)ḫenbur ₍₂₎: ‘(green) shoot, stalk’ (ḫe ‘abundant’, + in ‘discrete individuals’, + buru ₁₄ / bur ₁₄ ‘harvest’ – Halloran3.0. 3. Cf. also the EgAr expression ḫā̆būr miġarrī̆ ‘(1) nasty trick, (2) tight spot, nasty situation’. 4. On this Sem ḪBR, DRS 10 (2012)#ḪBR-1 says: »Le rapprochement avec la racine ḤBR, s’il est retenu, pourrait fournir un exemple de Akk Ḫ provenant de Can Ḥ, voir sous Ḫ, si on considère, comme semble le faire SodenAHW, qu’il s’agit d’un emprunt. Mais il peut s’agir aussi d’une racine à alternance de la première radicale, si les correspondances sémantiques entre les diverses valeurs dans les diverses branches paraissent vraisemblables. – Le sens de l’Akk suscite des discussions sur lesquelles voir CAD 6/7. – Outside Sem: (Eg) Demot ḫbr ‘ami’ est un emprunt au Can, voir Vycichl DELC 257.

west

▪ See ↗ḫabar.

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