▪ ZWR_1 (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-1f)
zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on; (
fig.) to afflict’ : probably to be seen together with ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’; the latter may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. Others would derive it from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’. – Kogan2015: 552 (#23) takes it for given that Ar
zāra ‘to visit’ and close values in SSem langs
1
, if belonging together with Akk
zêru ‘to dislike, to hate, to avoid’ and SamAram
zr ‘strange, other’, all go back to the basic meaning of ‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’. – Dolgopolsky2012 thinks (but also has some doubts) that we could be dealing with two—originally distinct—values that have flown together and overlapped in Ar
zāra ‘to visit’: a WSem *
-zūr- ‘to visit’
2
that gave the vb.
zāra in the sense of ‘to visit a holy place (e.g., the tomb of a saint) or a person whom one wants to pay respect to’,
3
and a Sem *
zar- ‘foreign(er), enemy’,
4
whence the Sem vb. root *√ZʔR or *√ZWR ‘to be foreign, hostile’ (»with insertion of an additional cons. in the root-medial position due to requirements of the Sem verbal morphology and on the analogy of triconsonantic verbs«)
5
that gave Ar
zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, which was interpreted as a PA of
zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR or *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’. –
DRS mentions that, in the WAr Jewish dialects a distinction is made between
zwāraẗ ‘visit to a person’ and
zyāraẗ ‘visit to the tomb of a revered person’. The latter value may be the more original one. – Cf. also ZWR_9 and ZWR_13, below.
▪ ZWR_2
zawr ‘upper part of the chest; throat’: This value is neither mentioned in
DRS nor in Militarev&Kogan2000, obviously because it does not have a Sem dimension. Nevertheless, Dolgopolsky2012 tentatively (and with doubts) reconstructs Sem *
zawr- and suggests to link the latter to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (e.g., Tu
yürek, Turk *
jür-äk); on this basis, he reconstructs a common origin in Nostr *
ʒ̍ûr˅ ‘inside of body’. – Some ClassAr lexicographers regard it as the etymon of the vb. ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1), interpreting the latter as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s
zawr (chest, bosom), or: to repair to s.o.’s
zawr (i.e., direction)’; hence,
zawr is also, in a fig. sense, the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ (Lane). – To
zawr in the sense of ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ belong probably also the obsol. nouns
†zāraẗ,
zāwiraẗ, and
zāwūraẗ, all meaning ‘bird’s crop’. – An interesting link between ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I,
†zawira ‘to have a distorted
zawr ’; cf. also
†zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane).
▪ ZWR_3 : According to Lane iii (1867), a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called
zīr because of his frequent visits to women, so the word seems to be dependent on ↗
zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1).
▪ ZWR_4
zūr ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’: According to one research tradition, the word is from mPers. According to another tradition (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-1b),
zūr has probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 and ZWR_6; the latter (‘to turn aside’ etc.) may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which both ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. – In MSA, the corresponding D-stem (vb. II),
zawwara, shows an exclusively negative meaning (‘to forge, falsify, counterfeit; to fake, simulate’), while in earlier times it was also often used with a positive connotation (
†‘to set right; to improve; to embellish’).
▪ ZWR_5
zūr ‘force’ : probably (via Tu
zor ?) from mPers
zūr,
zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’. –
DRS, where the word is seen as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon, says that the item does not seem to be related (»ne relève apparemment pas…«) to the complex ‘to compress’ treated in
DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr
zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr
zār,
zəwar ‘to compress’, Ar
†zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’,
†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., MorAr ↗
zayyar ‘to close [a button]’ = ZWR_20/ZYR_4). – Wahrmund1887 thinks it is vulgar for
zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗
ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’. – Should one also compare ZWR_10 ‘(strength of) determination’ (? > ‘lord, leader, master, chief’)?
▪ ZWR_6 (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-1a)
zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’ and (
ĭzwarra, vb. IX., ‘to turn aside’;
ʔazwarᵘ, adj., ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’
6
: probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and perh. also ZWR_4 ‘lie, falsehood’ as their etymon proper; Zammit2002, at least, reports the ClassAr view that ‘to visit’ actually is from *‘to turn aside’. – An interesting link between ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ and ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I,
†zawira ‘to have a distorted
zawr ’; cf. also
†zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane).
▪ ZWR_7 (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-3)
zīr ‘large jar’ : = ZYR_1; of unknown origin, probably Sem (< AfrAs?). – For details see ↗
s.v. ▪ ZWR_8
zār ‘zar ceremony’: perh. via EthSem from a Cush lang. – For details see ↗
s.v. ▪ ZWR_9 (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-1g)
†zawr ‘phantom in sleep’ : ?, perhaps lit. *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, dreaming’, from ZWR_1 ‘to visit’?
▪ ZWR_10
†zawr ‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’, hence (?) also
†zawr,
zūr,
ziwar ‘master, lord, chief, leader’,
†ziwwar,
†ziwarr ‘id.’,
†ziwarr ‘hard, solid’ (Wahrmund): unclear whether we are dealing with the same item as ZWR_9 or with a derivation from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ (as the seat of resoluteness?), or none of these. – Lane wants the reader to compare also
zūr ‘force’ (ZWR_5).
▪ ZWR_11
†zawr ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane) : obscure.
▪ ZWR_12
†zawr ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’ : according to the lexicographers a value specific to YemAr use (Lane); semantics unclear, etymology obscure.
▪ ZWR_13 (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-1c)
†zawraẗ ‘one time’ : according to
DRS (following Nöldeke in Landberg,
Glos. 1875) to be seen together with ZWR_1a ‘to turn aside’. As already observed by Nöldeke, the derivation of ‘one time’ from a vb. of motion has parallels in ↗
marraẗ (from ↗
marra ‘to pass by’), ↗
ṭawr (from
†ṭāra ‘to go round, hover round, approach’, ↗ṬWR), ↗
tāraẗ (from
†tāra ‘to run, flow’, ↗TWR).
▪ ZWR_14
†zawraẗ ‘slave’ : semantics obscure.
▪ ZWR_15 (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-1e)
†zīr ‘angry, enraged’ : = ZYR_6. – Originally from √ZʔR?
▪ ZWR_16
†zawrāʔᵘ ‘deep (well)’ : so called because of its crookedness? The word is obviously the f. of adj.
ʔazwarᵘ , see ZWR_6, above.
▪ ZWR_17
†zawrāʔᵘ ‘silver vessel’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_18
†zawrāʔᵘ ‘Bagdad (town)’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_19
†zawrāʔᵘ ‘Tigris (river)’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_20 (≙
DRS #ZW/YR-2a)
†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’ : cf. also
†zāra (
zawār) ‘to bind the fore to the hind-girth of a camel, (Lane:) to bind upon it the rope called
ziwār ’;
†ziyār ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ : see MorAr ↗
zayyar ‘to close (a button)’, ClassAr
†zayyara ‘to twist the lips (of a horse, of an animal) with a
ziyār ’. Given the cognates mentioned in
DRS, should we reconstruct a WSem root *ZW/YR ‘to join, press together’? –
DRS does not think that the complex ‘to compress’ is etymologically related to ZWR_5
zūr ‘force’, which is treated as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon and believed to be (via Tu
zor ?) from mPers
zūr,
zōr ‘strength, power, etc.’ (see above, ZWR_5). – Frequent overlapping with √ZR: (ZRR), cf. ↗
zarra ‘to button up’, ↗
zirr ‘button’.
EtymArab
ʔ
