Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ŠRK_1 ‘to share, be(come) partner\associate, participate, subscribe to’ ↗šarika, ‘(to give God a partner >) polytheism, idolatry’ ↗širk, ‘company, firm, business’ ↗širkaẗ, ‘socialist’ ↗ĭštirākī, ‘socialism’ ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ
▪ ŠRK_2 ‘net, snare, trap’ ↗šarak
▪ ŠRK_3 ‘spurious, unsound, phony, false’ ↗šuruk
▪ ŠRK_4 ‘shoelace’ ↗širāk
▪ ŠRK_5 ‘sesame cake (EgAr)’ ↗šurayk

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†ŠRK_6 ‘swift (walk); repeated (slap)’: ^†šur(r)akī
▪ ^†ŠRK_7 ‘musical tune’: LevAr ^†šārikaẗ
▪ ^†ŠRK_ ...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘snare; thongs of sandals; side road, to branch off; to share, to become a partner, to make as partner, or associate, partnership’

conc

▪ [v1] : Ar ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ has cognates in Ug, Aram Syr, and Gz and thus seems to be traceable back to at least WSem layers. Perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ belongs here, and, if so, may represent the original value: *‘to twist = to make (twigs etc.) adhere to each other > to associate, make into\be partner > to share’. If this connection is valid, then perh. also [v2] ‘net, snare, trap’ (*< ‘twisted twigs, etc.’?) and [v4] ‘shoelace’ (*< ‘sandal-thong = what holds things together’) are related to [v1] and have preserved aspects of the primary notion ‘to twist’. – From the (secondary?) base *‘to share’, several new values are derived. In the religious field, on the one hand, the idea of *‘giving God a partner’ has produced the meaning ‘polytheism, idolatry’ (↗širk), while in Christian contexts the f. form, ↗širkaẗ, was use in the more positive sense of ‘communion’; in MSA, and prob. as a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ became used for ‘company, firm, business’. The self-referential Gt-stem (VIII), ĭštaraka ‘to share, participate’ is at the basis of calques like ↗ĭštirākī ‘socialist’ and ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ ‘socialism’.
▪ [v2] : šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ looks rather old, but does not seem to have obvious cognates in Sem. Perhaps akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? Cf. also [v4].
▪ [v3] : Ar šuruk ‘spurious, unsound, phony, false’ is borrowed from Tu çürük ‘rotten’.
▪ [v4] : Perhaps, širāk ‘shoelace’ and [v2] šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ go back to the notion of *‘twisting, plaiting’ that is nowhere else preserved in Ar, but well attested in Hbr śārak ‘to twist’. Ar širāk seems to have a rather close relative in Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’.
▪ [v5] : The EgAr term šurēk (šurayk) for a ‘sesame cake, type of bun’ is from Tu çörek ‘bun, muffin’, orig. ‘nigella’, a seed used as spice or condiment on that type of pastry.
▪ ^†[v6] : The obsol. adj. ^†šur(r)akī used to qualify a ‘swift’ walk or a ‘repeated’ slap is of obscure etymology; perh. from the onomatopoetic Tu şark şark şark ‘sound of slapping’ (Tietze2019 vii: 562)?
▪ ^†[v7] : The obsol. LevAr term ^†šārikaẗ /šārke/ for a ‘musical tune’ looks like a reimport from Tu şarkı ‘musical tune, melody, song’, which, accord. to Tietze2019, goes back to Ar ↗šarqī and thus signifies, originally, s.th. ‘Eastern’. The same Tu word is also applied to a string instrument. Nişanyan doubts this theory; see DISC below.

hist

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cogn

▪ [v1] Zammit2002: Ug šrk ‘to team up with, join’, Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Aram srak ‘to clutch, hold fast, hang to’, Syr srek ‘to adhere, stick’, (Pa) ‘to cohere’, SAr šrk ‘to share out, apportion; to make a crop-sharing agreement (?)’, Ar šāraka ‘to share with’
▪ [v1] BDB1906: TalmAram sārak ‘to adhere’, cf. Syr srak, srek; Ar šaraka ‘to share, participate’; cf. perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’ (< śārak ‘to twist’, as *‘crossed and twisted (over the foot)’?), Ar širāk ‘sandal-thong’, Ar šarak ‘snare’.
▪ [v2] : Cf. perhaps akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? See also [v4].
▪ [v3] : – borrowed from Tu.
▪ [v4] : Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’, perh. from Hbr śārak ‘to twist’. Both perh. akin to šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ [v2], and possibly even to [v1].
▪ [v5] : – borrowed from Tu.
▪ ^†[v6] : ?
▪ ^†[v7] : If re-imported, see ↗šarq.
▪ …

disc

▪ ^†[v7] : Assuming Tu şarkı as the origin of LevAr ^†šārikaẗ /šārkeʰ/ ‘musical tune’ is one thing (and a pure hypothesis). The other is the etymology of the Tu term şarkı itself. The common opinion (e.g., E.G. Ambros in EI², Tietze2019) would derive it from Ar šarqī, thus *‘the eastern, oriental (tune)’. Nişanyan_16Sep2022, however, doubts this etymology. Given that şarkı means ‘song belonging to art music’ is opposed, in a way, to türkü ‘folk tune’, he thinks that şarkı possibly is adapted from a word meaning ‘urban’ in the dialects of Anatolia, corresponding to türkī as the ‘native, from the countryside’, a hypothesis that the author sees supported by a note in Evliyā Çelebī where the traveler says that, in the Türkmen language, şarık-dı (sic!) meant ‘it was urban’. Nişanyan therefore speculates – with a due caveat – that şarkı perhaps originates from Tu çağırgı ‘invocation’ (< çağır-mak ‘to call’). In Arm, šark‘ means a ‘maqam’, and šarakan is ‘a kind of maqam-based ilahi (religious song)’, meanings that would support the ‘urban’ (i.e., art music) hypothesis. Cf., however, the fact that in a textual attestation from the 2^nd half of C17, ʕAlī ʔUfḳî Bey’s Mecmūʿa-i Sāz u Söz from 1665, şarkı is defined as a türküye benzer bir müzik formu, i.e., ‘a musical genre resembling the türkü’. – At the end of the day, both Nişanyan and Tietze may be right: the şarkı is indeed associated with an urban, ‘civilised’ (art music) tradition, while the türkü is the ‘folk tune’; however, the urban “high brow” tradition of the şarkı may have been labelled *‘Oriental’ by the Anatolian Turks who would localize non-Turkish tradition in the countries east of Anatolia.
▪ …

west

▪ For Tu şirk (müşrik), şirket, şerik (şürekâ), teşrik, iştirak (müşterek) see s.v. ↗šarika, širk, and širkat ~ šarikaẗ
▪ …

deriv

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