Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ʕWD_1 ‘to return’ ↗ʕāda; ‘custom, habit’ ↗ʕādaẗ; ‘clinic’ ↗ʕiyādaẗ (√ʕWD); ‘feast, festival’ ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD)
▪ ʕWD_2 ‘1 wood; 2 lute’ ↗ʕūd
▪ ʕWD_3 ‘old, ancient, antique’: ↗ʕādī
▪ ʕWD_4 ‘(Lev.Gul) so; (Irq) already’: ↗ʕād

Other values, now obsolete, include:
▪ ^†ʕWD_5 ‘1 ≅ ʔinna; 2 ≅ hal; 3 not (negative answer to a question)’: ^†ʕādi
▪ ^†ʕWD_6 ‘ʕĀd’ (an ancient Arabian tribe): ^†ʕĀd
▪ ^†ʕWD_7 ‘…’ : …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 stick, pole, branch of a tree; 2 to go back, rescind, accrue; 3 to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, be experienced; 4 appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day; 5 to change to, change; to visit’.

conc

▪ ʕWD_1 : from protWSem *√ʕWD ‘to turn’. – ʕādaẗ ‘custom, habit’ is *‘s.th. returning regularly’, and dto. the ʕīd ‘feast, festival’ (which in itself is considered an inner-Sem loan, from Syr, see ↗ʕīd); ʕiyādaẗ ‘clinic’ is from ʕāda in the sense of ‘to return regularly to s.o., visit (a patient)’
▪ ʕWD_2 : etymology obscure; a relation to Sem *ʕiś‑ ‘tree’ can be excluded. – 1 Accord. to A. Dietrich (in entry »ʕūd« in EI²), the widespread use of the term ʕūd as ‘aloe wood’ is wrong as ʕūd originally signifies »certain kinds of resinous, dark-coloured woods with a high specific weight and a strong aromatic scent, which were used in medicine as perfume and incense (ʕūd al-baḫūr) and were highly coveted because of their rarity and value«. – 2 The Ar lute was called ʕūd ‘wood(en)’ prob. because its upper part was made of precious ʕūd wood.
▪ ʕWD_3 : explained in the ClassAr dictionaries as based on ʕWD_6 ʕĀd, the ancient Arab tribe, not as semantic extension of the more common sense of ʕādī, which is ‘customary, usual, common, ordinary; hence also simple, plain, ordinary (man)’, derived as a nsb-adj. from ʕādaẗ ‘custom, habit’ (i.e., * ‘s.th. returning regularly’, from [v1] ‘to return’).
▪ ʕWD_4 : The modern dialectal meanings ‘so’ (LevAr, GulfAr) and ‘already’ (IrqAr) of the adv. ʕādⁱ have an old Sem background and can be traced back to protWSem *ʕād- ‘(he is) still’ (Kogan2015: 76-77 #6), which is prob. related to ʕWD_1 ‘to return’.
▪ ^†ʕWD_5 : prob. same as preceding, though semantics seem to differ slightly.
▪ ^†ʕWD_6 : »ʕĀd, an ancient Arab tribe, is mentioned by name twenty-four times in the Qurʔān, as the people to whom the prophet Hūd was sent. One of the peoples associated with the long-lost past, they are named in pre-Islamic poetry and are a part of ancient Arabian mythology. They represent the origin of the Arabs in the distant past and exemplify their power, longevity, and pride; this sense is found in dictionaries, with the word ʕādī, meaning ‘very ancient,’ connected etymologically to the ʕĀd (see Lane, s.v.)« – A. Rippin, art. »ʕĀd«, in EI³. – The tribe’s name itself is of obscure etymology. »Wellhausen pointed out that instead of the expression ‘since the time of ʕĀd’ the expression min al-ʕād also occurs; therefore he supposed that originally ʕĀd was a common noun (‘the ancient time’; adj. ʕādī ‘very ancient’) and that the mythical nation arose from a misinterpretation of that expression« – F. Buhl, art. »ʕĀd«, in EI².
▪ …

hist

▪ ʕWD_3 : cf. ^†ʕawd, pl. ʕiyadaẗ, ʕiwadaẗ, adj., ‘old (animal); ancient (road)’ – Hava1899.
▪ ^†ʕWD_5 : ^†ʕādi ‘(1) indeclinable particle having the sense of ʔinna, e.g., raqadtu wa-ʕādi ʔabāka sāhir “I slept while thy father remained awake”; (2) interrog. part. in the sense of hal, e.g., ʕādi ʔabūk muqīm “Is thy father abiding?”; (3) negative answer to a question, e.g., ʕādi ḫaraǧa Zayd? ʕādi-h “Has Zeyd gone forth? He has not”’ – Hava1899.
▪ ^†ʕWD_6 : ʕĀd, »an ancient Arab tribe descended from Shem, a son of Noah and ancestor of the Semites (Gen. X.21), and described as being of giant stature *(7:74) wa-ḏkurū ʔiḏ ǧaʕala-kum ḫulafāʔa min baʕdi ʕĀdin ‘and remember when He made you successors after ʕĀd’. The people of ʕĀd were a great tribe that dwelled in al-ʔAḥqāf (q.v.), a vast hilly desert region said to have extended between Oman and Ḥaḍramawt in Arabia. Their main city ʔIram (q.v.) was described in the Qurʔān (89:7-8), as ‘the city of lofty pillars, the like of which has never been created in the land’. When their brother, the prophet Hūd, warned them against their worshipping of idols (said to have been the Goddess Allāt, q.v.) they called him a liar. They were punished for denying God and their mighty city was destroyed by a terrible wailing wind (69:6) that levelled everything to the ground and left the inhabitants strewn around like felled palm trees« – BadawiAbdelHaleem2008.
▪ …

cogn

▪ ʕWD_1: (Klein1987:) Hbr ʕwd ‘to return, repeat, do again’, Aram ʕîdâ ‘festival’, Syr ʕyādâ ‘usage, ceremony’, SAr ʕwd ‘to return’. – (Kogan2015, 76-77 #6 n219:) »reliably attested in a rather narrow circle of WSem languages«: Hbr ʕwd ‘to surround’ (very marginal), Ar ʕwd ‘to return’, Sab ʕwd ‘to return’, Min ʕwd ‘retourner’, Gz ʕoda ‘to go around, turn around’. – (Tropper2008:) Cf. also Ug ʕwd (D-stem) ‘to return (s.th.), bring back’ (?)
▪ ʕWD_2: – (modHbr ʕūd ‘lute’ is from Ar).
▪ ʕWD_3: [v1] based on ʕādaẗ ‘custom, habit’, see ʕWD_1; [v2] from ʕĀd, the ancient Arab tribe, see ʕWD_6.
▪ ʕWD_4: (Kogan2015, 76-77 #6:) Hbr ʕōd, BiblAram ʕōd, Ar ʕād(a), Gz ʕādi, Mhr ʔād, Jib ʕɔd, Soq ʕad.
▪ ^†ʕWD_5: = ʕWD_4?
▪ ^†ʕWD_6: of unknown etymology (but see DISC below).
▪ …

disc

▪ It seems that, etymologically, we can distinguish three main complexes: A ‘to return’, comprising the broad value spectrum of [v1] and [v4], and prob. also [v5], B ‘wood; lute’, with [v2] as the only representative, and C the tribal name ‘ʕĀd’ [v6], with [v3] ‘ancient’ derived from it.
▪ Within complex A, the exact semantic relation (and dependence) between [v1] ‘to return’ and [v4] ‘(is) still’ should be further explored. Probably, the meaning ‘still’ is resultative: when one ‘returns’ and finds s.th. ‘repeatedly’ or ‘again’ in the same condition as before, one qualifies it as ‘still’ having an unchanged status.
▪ …

west

▪ ʕWD_2: Engl lute (lC13) < oFr lut, leut < oProv laut < Ar al-ʕūd. – Cf. also Ar al-ʕūd > mLat lutana > Span laud, Port alaude, It liuto – EtymOnline. | Ge Laute < mHGe lūte, mDu lute, luyte, Du luit < oFr leüt (C13) (> Fr luth), oProv laüt (c1300), It liuto (lC13) < Span laúd, older form alaúd (eC14), alod (mC13) < Ar al-ʕūd – DWDS (< Pfeiffer, Etym. Wb.)
▪ …

deriv

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