Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ʕWR_1 ‘one-eyed’ ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ; ‘defectiveness, faultiness, deficiency, imperfection; weakness, weak spot; pudendum, genitals’ ↗ʕawraẗ; ‘to damage, mar, spoil’ ↗²ʕawwara; ? ‘to lend, loan (s.th. to s.o.)’ ↗ʔaʕāra; ? (EgAr) ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ ↗ʕīraẗ
▪ ʕWR_2 ‘to alternate, take turns, do by turns’ ↗¹taʕāwara; ‘to befall, affect (alternately, successively) (s.o.), come (alternately, successively) (over s.o.)’ ↗¹ĭʕtawara; ? ‘to lend, loan (s.th. to s.o.)’ ↗ʔaʕāra; ? (EgAr) ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ ↗ʕīraẗ
▪ ʕWR_3 ‘to shape, mold, form (said of heterogeneous influences or factors)’ ↗²ĭʕtawara
▪ ʕWR_4 ‘to stand in the way of, hinder’ ↗³ĭʕtawara
▪ ʕWR_5 ‘a variety of swallow’ ↗ʕuwwār
▪ ʕWR_6 ‘to gauge (measures, weights), test the accuracy (of measures, of weights)’ ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār (s.r. ↗ʕYR)
▪ ʕWR_7 ‘naked, bare, nude’ ↗ʕariya (arranged s.r. ↗ʕRY)
▪ ʕWR_

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘loss of an eye, to be one-eyed, to be vulnerable, bad word, bad deed, defect, shame, s.th. to be kept from the eyes, infamous person; difficult, uncharted road; to fall prey; to borrow’

conc

▪ [v1] Kogan2015 77 #8: from protWSem *ʕwr‘to be blind’ (SED I #5ᵥ). In Ar, semantic marginalization from ‘to be blind’ into ‘to be one-eyed’ took place. The basic meaning ‘to be blind’ is expressed by the root ↗ʕMY, of uncertain etymology (cf. SED I #3ᵥ). – The notions of ‘defectiveness, faultiness; weakness; pudendum, genitals’ expressed in the concept of ʕawraẗ seem to be generalisations from the basic ‘one-eyedness’ < *‘blindness’. In ‘pudendum, genitals’, the value comes close to that of ↗ʕār (↗ʕYR) ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’, but the causatives still make clear the different origin: while ²ʕawwara means ‘to damage, mar, spoil’, ↗ʕayyara is ‘to reproach, rebuke, insult, revile’. With this in mind, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ is prob. better grouped here, under √ʕWR *‘defectiveness’, than under ↗ʕYR ‘shame, disgrace, etc.’; cf. also ʕWR_2 in the sense of ‘borrowing’ (‘false, artificial’ < *‘borrowed’)? – The idea of ‘lending, loaning’ (↗ʔaʕāra) is prob. rather akin to [v2], although it is not inconceivable that ‘lending, loaning’ is regarded as *‘leaving (the one who is lending s.th.) defective’ or *‘making (the receiving part) obliged, with a debt, i.e., with a “weak point”’.
▪ [v2] : A relation to [v1] is unlikely. No obvious Sem cognates either. BadawiHinds1986 arranges corresponding values (e.g, ʔaʕārᵃ, vb. IV, ‘to second, send on secondment’, muʕār ‘out on loan’) s.r. ↗√ʕYR, but this does not make things much clearer. – The basic value seems to be similar to the tL-stem, ¹taʕāwara, i.e., ‘to alternate, take turns, do by turns’, a notion that is repeated in the Gt-stem ↗¹ĭʕtawara ‘to befall, affect, come over s.o. alternately, successively’ (*‘alternation’ here combined with [v1] *‘damage < blindness’? But compare also ↗ʕRW, with ʕarā ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’, ʕurwaẗ ‘tie, bond’, etc.). Thus, the *Š-stem, ʔaʕāra, today mostly used in the sense of ‘to lend, loan (s.th. to s.o.)’, originally must have meant *‘to alternate ownership, let people take turns in owning/using s.th.’, cf. the meaning ‘to second, send on secondment’ of vb. IV in EgAr (but see also the option mention sub [v1]). – DialAr ʕīraẗ ‘false, artificial’ may also be *‘borrowed’ rather than *‘deficient’.
▪ [v3] ²ĭʕtawara ‘to shape, mold, form (said of heterogeneous influences or factors)’: etymological affiliation unclear.
▪ [v4] ³ĭʕtawara ‘to stand in the way of, hinder’: etymological affiliation unclear.
▪ [v5] ʕuwwār ‘a variety of swallow’: no obvious cognates in Sem or outside. MilitarevStolbova2007 (StarLingTB) #2678 suggest kinship with the obsol. Ar ^†ʔaʕwar, dim. ʕuwayr ‘raven’, from Sem *ʕarw/y- ~ *ʕawr- ‘bird of prey’, but semantics would be slightly problematic here. There may also be some overlapping/influence from Ar ↗warwār ‘bee-eater’ (accord. to MilitarevStolbova2007 StarLingTB from Sem *ʔarVr- ~ *warwar- ‘bee-eater, used to find honey’; cf. also Eg wr ‘swallow’, etc. – see entry ↗warwār).
▪ [v6] ‘to gauge (measures, weights), test the accuracy (of measures, of weights)’: ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār (s.r. ↗ʕYR)
▪ [v7] ‘naked, bare, nude’ ↗ʕariya (arranged s.r. ↗ʕRY)

hist

–

cogn

▪ [v1] Kogan2015 77 #8: Ug ʕwr, Hbr ʕiwwēr, Syr ʕwārā, Ar ʔaʕwarᵘ, Gz ʕora, Mhr ʔáywər, Jib ʕēr, Soq ʕóuhɛr. There is no trace of *ʕwr ‘to be blind’ in Akk; all the alleged cognates mentioned in SED I #5ᵥ are highly unreliable. – BDB1906 includes also forms in ‑m: Hbr ʕērōm, ʕêrōm ‘naked; nakedness’, ʕārōm, ʕârōm ‘naked’ (cf. ↗ʕRY). – Borg2021 #476: Saf ʕwr ‘to obliterate’, Ar ʕāra ‘to damage, destroy’, ʕawwara ‘to mar, spoil’, PalAr IrqAr OmanAr ‘to hurt, injure; bruise’, DamAr EgAr ‘to damage, mutilate’. – Outside Sem, Borg2021 compares Eg (Pyr) ʕwꜢ ‘to go bad, rot, become sour’ (cf. also ḥwꜢ.w ‘to rot; to putrefy; to be foul, offensive’).
▪ [v2] : BadawiHinds1986 arranges corresponding values (e.g, ʔaʕārᵃ, vb. IV, ‘to second, send on secondment’, muʕār ‘out on loan’) s.r. ↗√ʕYR. – Perh. overlapping with ↗ʕRW.
▪ [v3] : ?
▪ [v4] : ?
▪ [v5] : ? Cf. (with MilitarevStolbova2007 StarLingTB) Akk arru ‘bird used for decoy’, Syr ʔarrā ‘avis illicebra’ (< Akk ?), Tña ʔirir, ʔǝrir ‘bird which has an instinct to lead a honey gatherer to where there is honey’; ? Tña wari ‘kind of blackbird whose feathers have a metallic sheen’, Amh wari ‘a kind of blackbird’ ; outside Sem: Eg (Pyr) wr ‘swallow’; (WChad) Ha wā́rà ‘eagle’, (CChad) Higi-Futu, H.-Nkafa waři, H.-Kamale (Kapsiki) wəři, H.-Ghye wǝrì ‘kite’; Beja ḗrʔe ‘white-tailed sea-eagle’, (SCush) Dahalo (Sanye) weere ‘peafowl’; (NOmot) Woleta awriya ‘cock’ (< Sem?). – Or related to / influenced by ↗warwār (for cognates see s.v.) ?
▪ [v6] : ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār (↗√ʕYR)
▪ [v7] : ↗ʕariya (↗√ʕRY)

disc

▪ See above, section CONC.

west

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl average, from Ar ʕawārīya ‘damaged goods’, from ʕawār ‘blemish’, from ʕawira ‘to become one-eyed, damaged’.
▪ Tu avarya: from It avaria ‘damage (esp. during transport by ship) < Ar ʕawāriyyaẗ ‘damage, damaged freight\goods’ < ʕawār ‘defective, damaged, rotten’ < vb. ʕāra ‘to be disabled, faulty, defective’. First attested 1870 in Schlechta-Wssehrd, Manuel terminologique français-turque : « [Fr] Avarie: [Tu] Hasarât-ı bahriye, âvârya » – NişanyanSözlük_1Sep2020. – Ge Havarie ‘Unfallschaden, Bruch’, from Ar ʕawāriyyaẗ ‘goods\freight damaged by sea water’ < ʕawār ‘defect, lack’ (cf. Ar ʕawwara ‘to damage, spoil’). Maritime trade brought the word to It (avaria) already by c. 1300, > oProv avarias (pl.) ‘expenditure, costs’, oFr mFr avaries (pl.) ‘charges levied on the transport of goods by sea, including for actual or potential damage’. From Fr is Du averij and haverij (made similar to Du haven by folk etymology) ‘operating costs of shipping, damage suffered by ship and cargo during the voyage, and resulting costs’, borrowed lC16 into nGe and NGe as Haverye, Haferye; in lit. lang. as Havarie only during C19; general for ‘accidental damage to vehicles and aircraft, damage and malfunctions to machines and equipment’ not earlier than C20 – DWDS_Pfeifer.
▪ Engl average ‘any small charge over freight cost, payable by owners of goods to the master of a ship for his care of the goods; financial loss incurred through damage to goods in transit’, lC15, from Fr avarie ‘damage to ship’ and It avaria. A word from C12 Mediterranean maritime trade, of uncertain origin; sometimes traced to Ar ʕawāriyyaẗ ‘damaged merchandise’. Du avarij, Ge haferei, etc., also are from Romanic languages. [...] The meaning developed to ‘equal sharing of loss by the interested parties’. Transferred sense of ‘statement of a medial estimate, proportionate distribution of inequality among all’ is first recorded 1735. The mathematical sense ‘a mean proportion arrived at by arithmetical calculation’ is from 1755. Sports sense, of batting, attested by 1845, originally in cricket – EtymOnline. – Tu averaj < Fr average ‘sharing of costs of damage among partners in ship insurance’ (C15), ‘arithmetic mean’ (C18, suff. ‑age) < It avariaggio ‘insurance statement’ < It avaria ‘loss, damage in maritime trade’ < Ar ʕawār (ʕWR) ‘damage, fault, defect’; sense of ‘arithmetic middle’ is from 1938 (in Cumhuriyet) : Futbolun doğduğu memleket olan İngiltere’nin kullanmakta olduğu averaj şeklini – NişanyanSözlük_6Nov2013.

deriv

–

Permanent link

http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=record&uid=d9a56c27-06ff-11ee-937a-005056a97067

Choose languages

Choose images, etc.

Choose languages

Choose display