Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_1 ‘to insert, enter, penetrate’ ↗¹ġalla
▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_2 ‘iron collar; manacles, handcuffs; chains, shackles, fetters’ ↗²ġull
▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_3 ‘produce, crops; revenue, returns; grain, cereals, corn; fruits’ ↗ġallaẗ ; ‘to rake in, gain, win, obtain, reap; to derive advantage or profit from, capitalize on s.th.; to exploit’ ↗ĭstaġalla
▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_4 ‘burning thirst’ ↗¹ġull
▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_5 ‘rancor, hatred, spite, malice’ ↗ġill
▪ ĠLː (ĠLL)_6 ‘fine, diaphanous, cape, mantilla, veil; shirtlike garment, gown’ ↗ġilālaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane vi 1877, Hava1899)

▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_7 ‘to perfume (the beard, bi‑ with balm) | enduire, parfumer (de musc, ^†ġāliyaẗ ¹ )’: ^†ġallala
▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_8 ‘water flowing amid trees’: ^†ġalal (pl. ʔaġlāl ); cf. also ^†ġalla ‘couler, pénétrer, entrer (bayn au milieu de; se dit de l’eau qui coule entre les arbres)’, and ^†mutaġallil ‘qui circule entre les arbres, dans une avenue plantée d’arbres’
▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_9 ‘filtre pour coler, clarifier un liquide (= miṣfāẗ ) | strainer’: ^†ġalal
▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_10 ‘mêler, mélanger l’un avec l’autre’: ^†ġalla
▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_11 ‘couvrir’: ^†ġalla
▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_12 ‘certaine maladie des moutons’² : ^†ġalal ; cf. also ^†ĭnġalla ‘avoir la maladie ġalal ’
▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_13 ‘oter la peau de l’animal égorgé avec trop de précipitation ou en tirant trop, au point que des morceaux de chair et de graisse restent après la peau’: ^†ʔaġalla
▪ ^†ĠLː (ĠLL)_ ‘...’: ^†...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘extreme thirst; to bar from drinking; shackles, to shackle; treachery, animosity, hatred; to confiscate; to purloin, to yield, to produce, to earn’

1. ‘Galia : parfum de couleur noire composé de musc, d’ambre et autres aromates, et employé comme cosmétique pour les cheveux’. 2. More detailed in Lane vi 1877: ‘certain disease that attacks sheep, or goats, in the orifice of the teat, occasioned by the milker’s not exhausting the udder, but leaving in it some milk, which becomes blood, or coagulates and is mixed with a yellow fluid’

conc

▪ [v1] : Attested in Ug, Hbr, several varieties of Aram, and Ar; from protWSem *ġll ‘to insert; to immerse’ – Kogan2015: 381 #5¹ – The value *‘to insert, enter’ may be the origin of several others, see [v2], [v5]?, [v6]-^†[v10], below. – For the aspect of *‘passing through/between/beneath’, etc., accompanying that of ‘entering’, and its possible connection to final *‑Lː/‑LL, see DISC in entry ↗ġalla.
▪ [v2] : According to Zammit2002, Ar ²ġull ‘yoke, collar’ has cognates in Akk ḫalālu ‘einsperren, festhalten | (CAD ) to detain, keep waiting’, Ug ġll ‘to tie up’, Hbr ʕōl (√ʕLL) ‘yoke’. If this juxtaposition is valid, [v2] may represent a value in its own right that should be kept distinct from [v1]. Others interpret ²ġull (esp. in the meaning ‘manacles, handcuffs; chains, shackles, fetters’) as *‘s.th. into which hands, feet, etc. are inserted’, thus dependent on [v1].
▪ [v3] : Borg2021 #494 shows that the term is widespread also in the Ar dialects (with the Maġrib tending to the meaning of ‘fruit’, e.g., MorAr and TunAr), but the author’s identification of the Ar ġallaẗ with (Eg jꜣrrt, Dem ꜣllj, Copt ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ‘grapes’ and) Hbr ʕôlēlōt ‘gleanings (of grapes and olives)’ is questionable, as these may belong to ↗ʕLː (ʕLL) *‘to repeat, do s.th. a second time’ rather than to ĠLː (ĠLL). A more obvious cognate is Syr ʕᵃlaltâ, esp. in one of the pl.s, ʕallᵊtâ) ‘what is brought in, ingathering, increase, harvest, crop, fruit, yield, produce’), from Syr ʕal ‘enter’, (Af) ʔaʕel ‘to bring, put, carry in, introduce; […] to bring in (ʕallᵊlātâ the harvest)’, Aram ʕᵃlal, Hbr ²ʕLL ‘to insert, thrust in’. Ar ġallaẗ thus seems to stem from [v1] ġalla ‘to put in, thrust in’.
▪ [v4] : Kogan2015: 325 #8 would not exclude an identification of Ar ġll ‘to be thirsty’ with the Ug hapax ġll ‘thirsty one’, but adds that such an identification, though possible, is »but by no means compelling«.
▪ [v5] : Most ClassAr dictionaries explain Ar ġill ‘rancor, hatred, spite, malice’ as fig. use of [v4] ‘burning thirst’. However, while [v4] has no cognates in SAr, [v5] has many in Sab, both with the meaning ‘grudge, anger, hatred, to hate’ and its extension ‘to act fraudulently against s.o., (H -stem:) to damage s.o.’. One rendering of Sab ġll – ‘to inject (anger)’ (Jamme 1976: 29) – seems to suggest that the vb. is related to [v1] ‘to insert, enter’.
▪ [v6] : Lane’s (vi 1877) rendering of ġilālaẗ as ‘garment that is worn next the body, beneath the other garment, and likewise beneath the coat of mail’ suggests that it is derived from [v1] *‘to insert, enter’
▪ ^†[v7] : ‘to perfume o.s.’ is either cognate to [v1] (as suggested by explanations of ^†ġalla as ‘huiler, pommader abondamment les cheveux, de manière que l’huile pénètre jusqu’à la racine des cheveux’) or denominative from ^†ġāliyaẗ ‘Galia : parfum de couleur noire composé de musc, d’ambre et autres aromates, et employé comme cosmétique pour les cheveux’, itself of unknown etymology (discussion reproduced in Lane vi 1877.)
▪ ^†[v8] : Kogan2015: 555 #35 thinks Ar ^†ġalal ‘water flowing amid trees’² might be akin to prot-modSAr *ġill-at - ‘mist’, but dependence on [v1] seems more likely (< *‘water squeezing itself through the trees\bushes’).
▪ ^†[v9] : ^†ġalal ‘filter, strainer’ is prob. extended use of ^†[v8] (‘filter, strainer’ = *‘device through which water is running’) and thus, ultimately, prob. from [v1].
▪ ^†[v10] : prob. cognate to [v1], as ‘mêler, mélanger l’un avec l’autre’ is a form of *‘inserting’ o.s. among others.
▪ ^†[v11] : The value ‘couvrir’ for ^†ġalla is mentioned only in BK1860. Is it reliably attested?
▪ ^†[v12] : The identity of the term ^†ġalal for a ‘certain disease that attacks sheep, or goats’³ with that for ^†[v8] ‘water flowing amid trees’ and ^†[v9] ‘filter, strainer’ seems to imply some kind of semantic link between the three, so that, ultimately, also the term for this specific disease would have s.th. to do with [v1] ‘inserting, entering’ s.th. But semantics are not clear…
▪ ^†[v13] : ?

1. That *ġ is behind ʕ in the Aram forms (see below, section COGN) is confirmed by numerous Demotic spellings with ḫ. 2. More specifically, ‘water having no current, only appearing a little upon the surface of the earth, disappearing at one time and appearing at another’ – Lane vi 1877. 3. More detailed in Lane vi 1877: ‘certain disease… in the orifice of the teat, occasioned by the milker’s not exhausting the udder, but leaving in it some milk, which becomes blood, or coagulates and is mixed with a yellow fluid’

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cogn

▪ [v1] : Ug ġll ‘to enter’, Hbr ʕālal ‘to insert, thrust in; to ascend, land, enter’, oAram ʕll (so also continued in later Aram varieties, such as JPA, Syr, etc.; Aram ʕᵃlal ‘to enter a town, a house, come in’, Syr ʕal ‘to enter; to come in to a woman; to attack, invade’), Ar ġalla ‘to enter’ – Zammit2002, Kogan2015: 381 #5
▪ [v2] : Zammit2002 juxtaposes Akk ḫalālu ‘einsperren, festhalten | (CAD ) to detain, keep waiting’, Ug ġll ‘to tie up’, Hbr ʕōl (√ʕLL) ‘yoke’, Ar ²ġull ‘yoke, collar’, ġalla ‘to bind’. Reliable?
▪ [v3] : Syr ʕᵃlaltâ (pl. ʕallᵊlātâ and ʕallᵊtâ) ‘what is brought in, ingathering, increase, harvest, crop, fruit, yield, produce’), from Syr ʕal ‘to enter’, (Af) ʔaʕel ‘to bring, put, carry in, introduce; to substitute, put instead; to bring in (ʕallᵊlātâ the harvest)’, Aram ʕᵃlal, cf. Hbr ²ʕLL ‘to insert, thrust in’, Ar ġalla ‘to put in, thrust in’ (see [v1]). – Borg2021 #494 shows that the term is widespread also among the Ar dialects (with the Maġrib tending to the meaning of ‘fruit’): DamAr ġalleẗ ‘crop, harvest’, AlepAr ‘récolte qu’on attend’, LebAr ġallīl ‘récolte abondante’, Malta ‹għallaẗ› ‘prodotto della terra annuale’, TunAr ġallaẗ ‘fruit(s)’, Takrūna ġallaẗ ʔarð̣iyyaẗ ‘cucurbitacées et tomates’, MorAr ġellaẗ ‘fruit’, Djidjelli ġollaẗ ‘fruits, récolte’. The author suggests to see this evidence together with Hbr ʕôlēlōt ‘gleanings (of grapes and olives)’ (and Eg jꜣrrt, Dem ꜣllj, Copt ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ ‘grapes’), which, however, may be from *ʕLː (ʕLL) ‘to do (a second time)’ rather than from *ĠLː (ĠLL) ‘to enter, insert, bring in’.
▪ [v4] : Ug ġll ‘thirsty one’, Ar ġll ‘to be thirsty’, ¹ġull ‘burning thirst’¹
▪ [v5] : SAr (Sab) ġll ‘to be angry (deity ), be filled with hatred, wrath | exercer (de la haine)’, Ar ġalla ‘von Haß, Groll erfüllt sein’, Gz (ʕll ) ‘to separate, set aside a place, excommunicate, grant someone a fief’; Sab ġlyt ‘anger, hate, wrath’, Ar YemAr ġill ‘Groll, Haß, Bosheit | hidden enmity, grudge’. – Extended meaning: Sab ġll ‘to fraudulently appropriate, withhold’, Ar ġalla ‘to be unfaithful in respect of a thing privily, defraud’, ġalla, ʔaġalla ‘to act unfaithfully, become unfaithful’ (Lane vi 1877). – Causative: Sab h-ġll ‘schädigen; Verlust bescheren | to damage | endommager’, Ar ʔaġalla ‘to water one’s camels ill, so that they do not satisfy their thirst, or bring\send them back from the water without satisfying their thirst’, ġalla, ʔaġalla ‘to act unfaithfully, become unfaithful’, Gz ʔaʕlala ‘to separate, consecrate, excommunicate’ (Leslau 1991: 60) – Zammit2002, SabaWeb#ĠLL
▪ [v6] : prob. cognate to [v1].
▪ ^†[v7] : either cognate to [v1] or derived from ^†ġāliyaẗ ‘Galia : parfum de couleur noire composé de musc, d’ambre et autres aromates, et employé comme cosmétique pour les cheveux’
▪ ^†[v8] : Kogan2015: 555 #35 thinks Ar ^†ġalal ‘water flowing amid trees’ might be akin to Mhr ġəllēt, Jib ġíẑẑɔt ‘mist’, Soq aʕlʼílʼo ‘cloud’ (< prot-modSAr *ġill -at - ‘mist’), but dependence on [v1] seems more likely (< *‘water squeezing itself through the trees\bushes’)
▪ ^†[v9] : prob. cognate to ^†[v8] and thus < [v1] (‘filter, strainer’ < *‘device through which the water flows’)
▪ ^†[v10] : prob. cognate to [v1] (‘mêler, mélanger l’un avec l’autre’ < * ‘to insert s.th. in s.th. else’)
▪ ^†[v11] : ?
▪ ^†[v12] : ?
▪ ^†[v13] : ?

1. Accord. to Kogan2015: 325 #8, the Ug form is a hapax in a partly broken context. »Identification with Ar ġll is possible, but by no means compelling.«

disc

▪ [v1], [v2], [v6]-^†[v10] : The aspect of *‘passing through/between/beneath’, etc., which accompanies that of ‘entering’, seems to be expressed by the final *‑Lː/‑LL, see DISC in entry ↗ġalla.
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