Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ QWL_1 ‘to speak, say, tell; utterance, saying, word; treatise, article’ ↗qāla, ↗qawl, ↗maqālaẗ
▪ QWL_2 ‘to fabricate lies, spread rumors’ ↗taqawwala
▪ QWL_3 ‘garrulous, talkative; itinerant singer and musician’ ↗qawwāl
▪ QWL_4 ‘category’ ↗maqūl
▪ QWL_5 ‘contractor, entrepreneur’ ↗muqāwil

▪ Cf. also ↗QYL.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 speech, talk, to speak, say, tell, attribute; 2 to fabricate lies, gossip, spread rumours; 3 king, leader;¹ 4 to surmise; 5 to demand; 6 to exchange’

1. Treated in WehrCowan1979 s.r. ↗QYL, not QWL.

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▪ Values QWL_2-5 are all dependent on QWL_1, which goes back to Sem *ḳawl- /*ḳāl- ‘voice’, *ḳwl ‘to say’ (Kogan2015), which in turn possibly can be traced to AfrAs *ḳa(wa)l- ‘to speak’ (Militarev2006).

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▪ Militarev&Stolbova1994#1541: Hbr qōl, Aram qāl, Gz qāl ‘voice, sound’. – Outside Sem: ya-kolo, ye-kuwələ ‘to cry, shout’; kol, kole ‘to speak, call’ in some ECh languages, and (SaAf:) Afar -ḳal- ‘to say, think’.
▪ Zammit2002: Ug Phoen ql ‘voice’, Hbr qōl ‘sound, voice’, BiblAram qāl ‘voice’, Syr qālā ‘voice, sound, noise, clamour’, SAr qwl ‘to be qayl over’, qwl, qyl ‘member of the leading clan in a šʕb ’, Gz qāl ‘vox, sonus’, Ar qāla ‘to say, speak’.
▪ Militarev2006#594 (in StarLing): Ug Phoen ḳl, Hbr ḳōl, Syr ḳāl-, Mand ḳala ‘voice’, Ar ḳwl [-u- ] ‘to speak’, SAr ḳwl ‘speaker’, Gz ḳāl ‘voice; saying, speech; word’, Te Tña Amh ḳal ‘word’, Gur ḳal ‘voice’. – Outside Sem: [2 WCh langs:] qwal ‘to say’, kwalala ‘war-cry’; [CCh] Buduma=Yedina ke-lakō ‘words, speech’, [ECh: forms like] ya-kóló ‘to cry’, ye-kuwǝlǝ ‘to speak’ [?], kwal, kel ‘words, speech’, kol, kol-, kòlè, kòlí ‘to call’, [SaAf] Af (Danakil) -ḳal- ‘to think, say’, [LEC] Or qaalii ‘word’.
▪ Kogan2015: Ug ḳl ‘voice, shout, cry’, Hbr ḳōl ‘voice’, Syr ḳālā ‘vox’, Ar qwl ‘to say’, qawl ‘the thing said’, Gz ḳāl ‘voice, word’.

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▪ Militarev&Stolbova1994#1541: from Sem *ḳūl- ‘to speak’ (related to Sem *ḳāl- ‘voice’). Together with reconstructed ECh *kawal- ‘to cry, shout; to speak, call’ and SaAf *ḳal-, the Sem word goes back to AfrAs *ḳal- /*ḳawal- ‘to speak’.
▪ Militarev2006#594 (in StarLing): Sem *ḳ˅w˅l- ‘voice; to say, speak; saying, speech; word’; WCh *ḳwal- ‘to say; war-cry’, CCh *kilakw- ‘words, speech’, ECh *ḳ˅wal- ‘to speak; to call; to cry; words, speech’, SaAf *ḳal- ‘to think, say’, LEC *ḳa[w]al- ‘word’, all from AfrAs *ḳa(wa)l- ‘to speak’.
▪ Kogan2015: from Sem *ḳawl- /*ḳāl- ‘voice,’ *ḳwl ‘to say.’ – »The widespread equation between this root and Akk ḳâlu ‘to become silent, stay quiet’ is hard to justify semantically.«

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