NBʔ_1 and NBʔ_2:
▪ Gabal2012 assumes one basic value for all meanings of NBʔ that occur in the Qurʔān: ‘sudden/unexpected appearance or occurrence of s.th., preceded or accompanied by some secrecy/hiddenness (
ẓuhūr ʔaw ṭurūʔ, musbaq ʔaw maknūf bi-ḫafāʔin mā)’. This, he says, is the case in
nabʔaẗ ‘elevation, protrusion’ (= appearing above the surface, of a height that more limited than one would have expected) as well as in
nabaʔ ‘news’ (information that one receives unexpectedly). – ClassAr
nabīʔ ‘clear path’ is said to belong to ↗NBW, while
nabiyy ‘prophet’ is believed to derive from
*nabīʔ meaning that the Prophet is both ‘called/informed’ (
munbaʔ) by God and ‘informing’ (
munbiʔ) about Him, rather than from
nabwaẗ ‘elevated place’.
▪ Albright1927#47 notices that Ar √NBʔ obviously has two values: a) ‘to be high, raised up’ (Ar
nabaʔa; cf. also
†nabiʔ ‘height, mound’,
†nabāwaẗ ‘high ground’, etc.), b) ‘to make a noise; to proclaim, announce, call by name’ (
†nabʔaẗ ‘barking of dogs’;
nabaʔ ‘news’,
nabīʔ [sic!] ‘prophet’, etc.). Therefore, the author holds, »there must evidently have been a confusion of the two distinct root-meanings«. The author thinks the latter value is from an original *NB, while the former is as dissimilation from *NM.
▪ BDB1904 (#NBʔ): cf. [NBʔ_2] Ar
nabaʔa ‘to utter a low voice,
or sound (esp. of dog); to announce’, (but also) [NBʔ_1] to be exalted, elevated (
nabʔaẗ eminence); [NBʔ_2] III, IV, ‘to acquaint, inform’;
nabaʔ ‘information, announcement, intelligence’; Akk
nabū ‘to call, proclaim, name’, Gz
nababa ‘to speak’, Sab
tnbʔ ? => Hbr
nāḇî(ʔ) ‘spokesman, speaker, prophet’,
nᵊḇûʔâh ‘prophecy’.
NBʔ_1:
▪ Cf. also obsolete items like
†nabʔ ‘superiority, victory, success’,
†nubuʔ ‘being high, superiority’,
†nabiʔ ‘high point’,
†nābiʔ ‘bossed, convex’, and also (NBʔ ~ NBW)
†nabwaẗ,
†nabāwaẗ ‘height; rising ground’,
†nābin, det. nābī, pl. nubiyy, ‘high ground’,
†nābiyaẗ ‘strongly-bent bow’ (all BK, Munǧid, Wahrmund1887/Steingass1894).
▪ Ehret1989#92 thinks NBʔ ‘to be high, tower over, come upon from above, conquer, surpass’ is an extension in “concisive” *
‑ʔ from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root ↗*NB ‘to rise, become high’, cf. ↗NBː (NBB) ‘to be haughty’. Other extensions from the same pre-Sem nucleus: ↗NBT ‘to germinate, sprout, grow’, ↗NBR ‘to raise, elevate, thrive, grow’, ↗NBṢ ‘to be on the point of sprouting’, ↗NBĠ ‘to fly off’, ↗NBL ‘to surpass in any skill’, ↗NBH ‘to awake’
▪ Albright1927#47 holds that Ar »
nabaʔa ‘to be high’ is connected with Hbr
nûb ‘to grow’
1
and Ar
nabt ‘plant’, old pl.
nabāt, from which ↗
nabata ‘to grow’ is denom., as well as with Ar ↗
namā ‘to grow, rise’,
nammà ‘to raise’. The root is probably
nm, from which the dissimilated form
nb (cf.
banna for
manna, etc.) has arisen.« – Outside Sem, Eg
nb3 ‘carrying pole’ (= Calice1936#655) is perhaps to be connected.
NBʔ_2:
▪ Huehnergard2011: Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, proclaim, summon’ (Huehnergard1999: an »uncomplicated reconstruction«).
▪ Calice1936#59 mentions Ar
nabaʔa ‘to announce’,
nabʔaẗ ‘faint noise’ together with Ar
nabba ‘to bark’, Gz
nababa ‘to growl’ and the Sem vb.s Akk
nabû ‘to call, name’, Sab
nbʔ ‘to proclaim’, Hbr √NBH ‘to prophesy’ as cognate with Eg (MK)
nmj ‘to scream, yell, roar’. Akin to the latter, and thus also to
nabaʔa, are also Ar
naʔama ‘to whisper’,
naʕama ‘to say yes’,
namma ‘to whisper’ and Hbr √NʔM ‘to say’.
2
▪ Ehret1989#95 does not mention NBʔ among the root extensions he gives for the bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *NB ‘to call, cry’, but the semantics clearly allow us to group Ar NBʔ_2 here. For extensions from the same pre-Sem nucleus that Ehret did list, cf. ↗NBː (NBB) ‘to bleat from rut’, ↗NBḤ ‘to bark, bellow, hiss’, ↗NBR ‘to shout to, drive away by cries or shouts’, ↗NBZ ‘to give one a nickname, revile’, ↗NBṢ ‘to speak’.
▪ Militarev2006 (#603): Sem *
n˅b˅ʔ‑ ‘to call; to speak; to nominate’, WCh *
nab‑ ‘to read, count’, Omot *
nab‑ ‘name’ < AfrAs *
nab‑ ‘to call by name’
▪ Dolgopolsky2012: Sem *NBʔ ‘to name, give a name’, IE *
‘no(ː)m-n(-) / *
‘n̥m-n(-) ‘name’, and alleged cognates in other macro-families < Nostr *
‘nimʔ˅‑ ‘name’ (with dissimilation of Sem *NB from Nostr *NM).
NBʔ_3 and
NBʔ_4:
▪ There seems to be a lot of overlapping of NBʔ with ↗NBW. Thus, NBʔ_3 ‘to turn away, withdraw, be repelled, disgusted, shocked’ seems to be etymologically the same as ↗
nabā ‘to move away, withdraw; to bounce off; to disagree, be in conflict with; to be repugnant’.
▪ No explanation so far with regard to NBʔ_4 ‘to wander around’. Belonging to NBʔ_3 ‘to turn away’? – In ClassAr, there is, e.g. (data from Freytag1837 and Hava1899):
†nābiʔ ‘ex alia regione veniens (aquae fluxus, homo), crossing a country (man, stream)’,
nabiʔ ‘migrans de locu in locum, wanderer, wayfarer’, (?)
nabīʔ ‘well-traced road’. Gabal2012 thinks it belongs to ↗NBW. Albright1927#47 considers a connection with Eg
nmy ‘to traverse’ and Eg
nby ‘to swim’.
3