Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ WRY_1 ‘to kindle, fire, take fire (lighter)’ ↗warà
▪ WRY_2 ‘back, rear; behind’ ↗warāʔ ; ‘to hide, conceal, keep secret; to pretend, feign, simulate’ ↗¹warrà ; ‘double-entendre, allusion’ ↗tawriyaẗ
▪ WRY_3 ‘the mortals, mankind’: al- ↗warà
▪ WRY_4 ‘to show’: (dial. Ar) ↗²warrà
▪ WRY_5 ‘Torah, Pentateuch; Old Testament’ ↗tawrāẗ (see alphabetically, *√TWRā)

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†WRY_6 ‘to be compact (marrow, flesh)’: ^†wariya (yarī, vn. wary)
▪ ^†WRY_7 ‘pus, matter; purulent ulcer’: ^†wary
▪ ^†WRY_8 ‘disease of the lungs’: ^†wāriyaẗ and ^†waràⁿ, ‘disease of the lungs’; cf. also ^†³warrà ‘to cause (-h s.o.) irritation in the lungs (wound)’
▪ ^†WRY_ ...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘behind, the rear; before, after, beyond; the lungs; the human race, the entire creation; to kindle fire, exercise one’s intelligence; to allude; to pretend; to conceal, disappear from sight’

conc

▪ [v1] warà ‘to kindle, fire, take fire (lighter)’: an exclusively Ar value in DRS 7 (1997) (#WRY-4, see below, section COGN) where the authors (following Lane) only specify that fire is produced here with the help of ↗zand wood; else no cognates given. – In contrast, Ehret1995 #973 sees Ar wary [vn. of warà] ‘to burn, blaze’ (though without parallels in Sem) as cognate to extra-Sem (Cush, NOmot) items and reconstructs AfrAs *war ‘light’. – Akin also to ↗ʔuwār ‘heat, blaze’ (< protSem *ʔR ‘fire, light’)?
▪ [v2] warāʔ ‘back, rear’: On account of cognates in Akk and Gz (strange distribution!), MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #10 reconstruct Sem *ʔ˅rāw-, *w˅rāʔ- ‘back’ which in turn may go back (together with cognates outside Sem) to a hypothetical AfrAs *ʔ/wiray/w- ‘back’. – The D-stem ¹warrà ‘to hide, conceal, keep secret; to pretend, feign, simulate’ seems to be a caus. formation (*‘to make disappear behind..., hold back’); note, however, that for DRS, this dependence obviously is not self-evident, causing the authors to keep value #1 ‘back, rear, behind’ tentatively distinct from “?#2” ‘to hide’ etc. – tawriyaẗ ‘double-entendre, allusion’ is a regular vn. formed from the D-stem vb.; thus, the original meaning of tawriyaẗ as a key concept of literary aesthetics is *‘hiding, concealment’ (sc. of a less overt, parallel meaning).
▪ [v3] al-warà ‘the mortals, mankind’: etymology obscure. In DRS, the value is not mentioned at all. Unless it is fig. use of some other meaning of warà (which one?), could there be a connection to pre-protSem *wr ‘to grow, increase in size’ identified by Ehret1995 #974? In AfrAs *-wăr-/-wĭr- ‘to grow (person, animal)’, reconstructed by Ehret as the hypothetical common ancestor of Sem and extra-Sem items (Eg, SCush, CChad, NOmot), the *‘growing’ is a feature of human beings or animals... If valid, the meaning ‘mortals, mankind’ of Ar warà would have developed from *‘the growing ones’. – Cf. perh. also ^†[v6] and ^†[v7].
▪ [v4] : The value ‘to show’ seems to be lost in fuṣḥà Ar, but is preserved in many dialects, both eastern and western. According to DRS 7 (1997) #WRY-2, this dialAr ²warrà ‘to show’ can also mean ‘to teach’ in MġrAr, a value prominent, apart from Ar, in Hbr (hence prob. Hbr tōrāʰ, the Torah, which gave [v5] with the Ar loanword tawrāẗ), while notions of ‘announcing’ and ‘new(s)’ prevail among the EthSem cognates. DRS is not sure whether these values should, or should not (“?”), be connected to their value #WRY-1 ‘to lead, guide’, represented only by Akk (w)arū(m), oAkk oAss warāʔum (paralleled by secondary tarū(m) ‘id.’, with a derivation in its own right); vonSoden AHW 1473 regards the Akk forms as cognate to Sem items meaning ‘to throw, cast’, cf. #WRW~WRY, a view that is obviously shared also by Huehnergard2011 when he posits a reconstructed protSem root *√WRW ‘to lead, guide, cast, throw’. In EtymArab, ‘throwing, casting’ is treated as distinct, s.v. ↗^†WRː (WRR)_4 (SyrAr ^†warrᵃ).
▪ [v5] tawrāẗ ‘Torah, Pentateuch; Old Testament’: see preceding paragraph as well as alphabetically, s.r. ↗*TWRā.
▪ ^†[v6] ^†wariya (yarī, vn. wary) ‘to be compact (marrow, flesh)’, ^†warà ‘to be fat (camel)’: no Sem cognates mentioned in DRS. – In contrast, OrelStolbova1994 (HSED) #2529 think (on account of what they regard as extra-Sem parallels) there are good reasons to assume a Sem *w˅r˅y‑ (based on biconsonantal *w˅r‑) ‘to be fat’ (stipulated from Ar wry), from a hypothetical AfrAs *war‑/*ʔur‑ ‘to be big, be strong’ (which also gave Eg, WCh, and Rift forms). – Ehret1995 #974 does not mention Ar wariya or warà but likewise reconstructs a »pre-protSem« *wr ‘to grow, increase in size’, from AfrAs *-wăr-/-wĭr- ‘to grow (person, animal)’ (with attested descendants in Eg, SCush, CChad and NOmot – see below, section COGN). – Is there a relation betw. values ^†[v6] ‘to be compact, fat’ (? *‘to grow, increase / be big, strong’) and [v3] ‘mortals, mankind’? – Cf. also ^†[v7]?
▪ ^†[v7] ^†wary ‘pus, matter; purulent ulcer’: Like the preceding, this value too does not seem, according to DRS, to have cognates in Sem. – But cf. Ehret1995 #975 who sees it together with other Ar words with related meaning and also identifies extra-Sem (Eg, Cush, SOmot) candidates for cognateship on account of which the author posits AfrAs *-waar- ‘to soak (intr.)’ as an ancestor common to all. – Our own hypothesis would tend to group this value together with Ar ↗warima ‘to become tall (plants)’ and ↗waram ‘swelling, tumor’ (extension in *-m?) and rather derive it from Ehret’s #974 pre-protSem *wr ‘to grow, increase in size’ (< AfrAs *-wăr-/-wĭr- ‘to grow (person, animal)’), regarding the notion of ‘purulence’ as secondary and instead interpreting ^†wary ‘pus, matter; purulent ulcer’ as from an orig. *‘growing thing, swelling’, thus related to ^†[v6].
▪ ^†[v8] ^†wāriyaẗ, ^†waràⁿ ‘disease of the lungs’, ^†³warrà ‘to cause (-h s.o.) irritation in the lungs (wound)’: according to DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ~WRY-3, these items are secondary formations based on primary ↗riʔaẗ ‘lung’.
▪ …

hist

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cogn

▪ [v1] : DRS 7 (1997) #WRY-1-3 [...]. -4 Ar warā(y) ‘s’allumer (feu)’, wariya, warā(y) ‘produire son feu (briquet)’.¹ -5-6 [...]. – Ehret1995 #973: (Sem) Ar wary [vn. of warà] ‘to burn, blaze’, (Cush) Iraqw warʔes‑ ‘to flash (of lightning)’, (NOmot) SMao wəro ‘moon’.
▪ [v2] : DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ~WRY-1 Ar warāʔ ‘derrière, ce qui est derrière; petit-fils’, Tham wrʔ ‘postérité’, dial. uṛā ‘derrière (préposition)’; ? Sab hwrt ‘partie postérieure(?)’² , ? Ar waraʔa ‘être rassasié’; Gz warʔa ‘soutenir dans la vieillesse’, warrəʔa ‘soutenir, alimenter, fournir le nécessaire pour vivre’; ? Ar waraʔa ‘repousser, pousser violemment’.³ – Rather reliable cognates also outside Sem.⁴ - ?2 Ar *tawarraʔa (ʕalà) ‘couvrir, enfermer’, warrà(y) ‘cacher, simuler, feindre, faire croire une chose à la place d’une autre; faire une allusion équivoque’, wārà(y) ‘cacher (quelque chose); enterrer sans cérémonie, enterrer’, tawarrà(y), tawārà(y) ‘être dissimulé, se cacher’,⁵ EAr PalAr EgAr wāṛa, wāra (i) ‘cacher, tenir secret, dissimuler’, ? SudAr orī(t) ‘erreur’, Gz warʔa ‘cacher, couvrir’.⁶ -3-4 [...]. – Cf. also DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 […]. -?2 Ar waraʔa ‘repousser, pousser violemment’, (↗WRʕ :) warraʕa ‘ramener (le troupeau) de l’abreuvoir’, wāraʕa ‘discuter’, warraʕa, ʔawraʕa, tawarraʕa ‘repousser, s’interposer’; HispAr warraʕ ‘effrayer’, tawarraʕ ‘craindre’, ʕOmAr warraʕ ‘ramener (bêtes, gens)’, Sab hwrʕ ‘intimider, arrêter, repousser; (faire) revenir’, Mhr həwrā ‘faire revenir, ramener (bêtes, gens); tenir à l’écart (les mauvais esprits)’, Ḥrs awrā ‘ramener (le bétail) au soir’, Te wära ‘menacer, battre’; ? wärʕ ‘eau bénite, magique’, wärʕa ‘asperger (d’eau bénite, magique)’; ? Tña wəruʕ ‘vaniteux’. -3-6 [...].
▪ [v2] : Cf. also MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #10 : Akk erûtu (arûtu) ‘back’, Ar warāʔ ‘partie posterieure, de derriere’, Gz ʔurāʔu ‘waist’ (< *ʔurāw- or *w˅rāʔ- ?). | Outside Sem: (?) Eg (OK) i͗Ꜣ.t ‘Rückgrat; Rücken (der Menschen und Tiere)’ (< */ʔir-/ ?); (Berb :) Ahaggar a-rûri (pl. i-rûriaw-ən) (< *rawray, redupl.), Siwa ərrau ‘dos’, Qabyle iri (pl. iraw-ən) ‘dos; cou; épaule’, Zenaga ọ̄ʔri ‘épaule, creux de l’épaule’ (< *w˅ry ?); (ECush :) Sa Af irō ‘Rückseite, Rücken’, Or wiirtuu ‘spine, mid-back’, (SCush:) Iraqw oriya ‘thigh’ (< *wVriy ?), (WChad:) Tsagu āri, (EChad:) Dangaleat āro ‘back’. – Cf. perh. also Ar ^†warr ‘os de la hanche’ (↗^†WRː (WRR)_2, ?with semantic shift *‘back > thigh > leg’).
▪ [v3] : ? Ehret1995 #974 AfrAs *-wăr-/-wĭr- ‘to grow (person, animal)’: pre-protSem *wr ‘to grow, increase in size’ [? Ar ↗waràⁿ ‘mortals, man’], Eg wr ‘greatness of size’, wr, wrr ‘great; much, many’, (Cush) SC: PR *war‑ ‘mature young person’, protCChad *wr ‘old’, (NOmot) Ometo *orde ‘big’, Gonga *wur‑ ‘male animal’ (i.e., in general larger sex; Mocha wuró < *wer‑).
▪ [v4] and [v5] : DRS 7 (1997) #WRY-1 Akk (w)arū(m), oAkk oAss warāʔum ‘conduire’.⁷ – ?2 Hbr (Hi) hōrē ‘montrer (avec le doigt), instruire’; – ? tōrāʰ ‘direction, instruction, loi’; mōräʰ ‘enseignant, maître’; JudPalAram ʔōrī ‘enseigner, instruire’; Ar [dial.] warrà, ʔawrà ‘montrer, désigner’, MġrAr warra (i) ‘montrer, faire voir, enseigner’, OranAr wāri ‘évident’, ? YemAr *warā ‘violer l’honneur d’une femme’; Sab hwry ‘annoncer, publier’, Soq ʔere ‘marque (?)’, Gz waraya ‘dire les nouvelles, raconter’, Te wära ‘annoncer’, Tña wäre ‘nouvelle, avis, renommée’, ʔawräyä, Amh ʔawärra ‘donner des nouvelles’, Amh Arg Gur wäre, Har war ‘nouvelle’; Tña wäräyä ‘être utile, servir, aider, assister, être fécond’.⁸ -3-6 [...].
▪ [v5] : see also alphabetically, s.r. ↗*√TWRā.
▪ ^†[v6] : DRS 7 (1997) #WRY-1-5 [...]. -6 wariya ‘être compacte (moelle, chair)’, warā(y) ‘être gras (chameaux)’. – OrelStolbova1994 (HSED) #2529: AfrAs *war‑/*ʔur‑ ‘to be big, be strong’ > Sem *w˅r˅y‑ (based on biconsonantal *w˅r‑) ‘to be fat’: Ar wry; Eg (Pyr)wr ‘big; strength’, WCh *war‑ (warr ‘strength’,war‑,wur‑ ‘to surpass’; cf. also onewar-ŋ ‘big’), Rift *ʔur‑ (ur) ‘big, large’. – ? Cf. Ehret1995 #974: pre-protSem *wr ‘to grow, increase in size’ [? Ar ↗wariya ‘to be compact’, warà ‘be fat (camel)’], Eg wr ‘greatness of size’, wr, wrr ‘great; much, many’, (Cush) SC: PR *war‑ ‘mature young person’, protCChad *wr ‘old’, (NOmot) Ometo *orde ‘big’, Gonga *wur‑ ‘male animal’ (i.e., in general larger sex; Mocha wuró < *wer‑).
▪ ^†[v7] : DRS 7 (1997) #WRY-1-4 [...]. -5 warā(y) ‘corrompre et ronger les chairs (pus)’, wary ‘matière purulente, abcès, blessure qui émet pus et sang’ -6 [...]. – Ehret1995 #975: (Sem) Ar ↗^†warq ‘dropping blood or pus’, ^†wary ‘festering pus’, Eg wryt ‘cloth for strain-liquids’, Cush *warb- ‘to hold water’, (SOmot:) Ari-Banna *waːr- ‘to swim’
▪ ^†[v8] : DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ~WRY-1-2 [...] -3 Ar warà(y) ‘blesser au poumon’.⁹ -4 [...].

1. Il s’agit de la production du feu par frottement de deux morceaux (↗zand) d’une certaine espèce de bois, v. Lane 1257, LA III/51. 2. Sab hwrt : sens douteux; DicSab 57 propose aussi : ‘citerne, pièce d’eau’, rac. HWR, v.s. 3. Ar waraʔa ‘repousser, pousser’ est relié à ‘arrière, dos’ par Cohen Essai 198, entre autres, mais comp. aussi sub W/YRʔ/ʕ. 4. Cohen Essai 198, n° 509. Comp. Eg yʔ.t ‘dos d’homme ou d’animal’? V. sur ce point Vycichl DELC 248 qui fait quelque réserve du fait que les formes nominales Eg et Ar ne concordent pas ; Berb: To arūri (Ahag, Ghat), əruru (Ifoghas), arori (Aïr) ‘dos’; Ouargla iri ‘côte, nuque’; Siwa ərrāo, ərraw ‘dos’, Sened ʕarut ‘épaule’, Kab iraw ‘dos, cou, épaule’, aʕrur ‘dos’; Tmz aruru ‘large dos’. La correspondance semble satisfaisante; en particulier, la finale w/u. Comment expliquer la pharyngale – et éventuellement la laryngale, si ahraw est confirmé à Siwa – qui apparaissent dans un certain nombre de formes ?; Cush : Bed niwa ‘queue’, Af Sa irō ‘dos’, Bilin Qw yewi, Kafa ilō ‘dos’, Iraqw ālu ‘derrière’; Dolgopol’skij 222 reconstruit une forme proto-Cush *ʔyVl(l)Vw- ‘partie arrière’. 5. Pour le sens ‘cacher’, l’expression ClassAr, telle qu’elle est fournie par des lexicographes, est : tawarraʔat ʕalayhi ‘(la terre) se ferma sur lui’ (mais peut-être ‘devint plane sur lui’), synonyme de tawaddaʔat ʕalayhi, selon Ibn Ǧinnī […]. 6. CDG 671: Gz warʔa peut-être reconstruction à partir de morāʔ qui dépend du vb. marʔa ‘porter, transporter’. 7. Le verbe est doublé en Akk par une forme secondaire tarū(m), de valeur analogue, qui connaît une dérivation propre, [...]; vonSoden AHW 1473 rapproche l’Akk des formes Sem qui signifient ‘jeter’, v.s. WRW~WRY. Elle peut sembler dans un rapport sémantique plus vraisemblable, sans être certain, avec la notion de ‘montrer, instruire’ sous 2. 8. Cf also ↗WʔR. – [...]. – For the place of Hbr tōrāʰ among the cognates, see DISC in ↗tawrāẗ. 9. Formation secondaire sur ↗riʔaẗ ‘poumon’, v. s. Rʔ.

disc

▪ [v2] : Sem cognates given by DRS and MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) differ (vs. Akk, Ar, Gz, respectively), while there seems to be a rather broad consensus about the reliability of the extra-Sem cognates. MilitarevKogan2000 #10 reconstruct Sem *ʔ˅rāw-, *w˅rāʔ- ‘back’ and Berb *(H)˅r(r)āw ‘back’ (no proto-forms given for the Eg, Cush, and Chad items identified as cognates), from hypothetical AfrAs *ʔ/wiray/w- ‘back’. – Based on ‘back’ is perh. also Ar ^†warr ‘os de la hanche’ (↗^†WRː (WRR)_2) (with cognates in Gur?); if so, a semantic shift *‘back > thigh > leg’ will have to be assumed. – MilitarevKogan further point out that this root has »[t]o be distinguished from #9 Sem *ʔir(r)-at- ‘chest, breast’«, which is not represented in Ar, but possibly related to metathetic Sem forms meaning ‘lung’, cf. #224 Sem *rayʔ(-at)- , > Ar ↗riʔaẗ ‘lung’.
▪ [v2]/[v4]: BadawiHinds1986 assigns EgAr warrà (II, vn. tawriyyaẗ) ‘to show’ to a root √¹WRY, distinct from √²WRY (with warā̆ ‘behind; after, following’, ^MSAtawriyaẗ ‘allusion’, ^MSAwārà (III, vn. miwāriyyaẗ) ‘to obscure, veil’, ĭtwārà (VI) ‘to hide o.s.’.
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